Ephesus Travel Guide
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Private Tours of Ephesus and Western Turkey with local licensed tour guides.

3 Days Biblical Tour of Western Turkey - Seven Churches of Revelation Tour

12/19/2020

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Smyrna (Izmir) - Pergamon (Bergama) - Laodicea - 
​Hierapolis (Pamukkale) - Ephesus - Sardis - Philadephia - Thyatira

For many generations Christians, or those who simply have an interest in Christian history and traditions, have traveled to the western part of Turkey which was known as Asia Minor in the biblical times, filled with the incredible Christian history and background. The Asia Minor is known for the 7 churches of the Book of Revelation. On top of that St. Paul travelled to the area several times. Near Ephesus, there is a possible house where Virgin Mary spent her last years. Ephesus and the surrounding areas had a history of spiritual awakening and Christian revival.
7 Churches Revelation Tour Review
We have a background in sharing the Western Part of Turkey's Christian Heritage with others, having worked with a broad selection of churches and mission organisations over the years. We are always pleased to organise Biblical Tours of Western Turkey, visiting seven churches of revelation and beyond.  We are sure that you will find them interesting whether you are a Christian or religious person or simply interested.

There are many possibilities for these tours, depending on how long you area able to tour for. A 1 day tour can take you to many sights of Christian interest in Ephesus. If you have 2 or more days there are many more possibilities such as a tour incorporating ancient cities of Pergamon, Laodicea, Hierapolis (Pamukkale) etc. Get in touch for more details.

What are the names of 7 Churches of Revelations today?

The Seven Churches of Revelation are ancient churches that St John wrote about in The book of Revelation of the New Testament. All the 7 churches mentioned are located at the western part of modern Turkey.
  1. Ephesus - Selcuk, Izmir
  2. Smyrna -  Izmir City Center
  3. Pergamon - Bergama, Izmir
  4. Thyateira - Akhisar, Manisa
  5. Sardis - Sart, Salihli, Manisa
  6. Philadelphia - Alaşehir, Manisa
  7. Laodicea - Denizli
Below please find suggested tour program:

Day 1 - Basilica of St. John, House of Virgin Mary, Ephesus
After meeting your guide at Izmir Airport or at an Izmir airport hotel, drive through the fertile lands. Your first stop will be the Temple of Artemis, one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world. Afterwards proceed to the mountain where Virgin Mary is believed to spent her 9 years. The house is approximately 1000 feet above sea level and running as an active chapel. Roman Catholics believe that Virgin Mary came to Ephesus with Saint. John 5 years after the crucification. At the age of 63 she is assumed to heaven. Altough there is no fact that Virgin Mary lived here approximately 1.5 million people visit the site each year. After 30 minutes visit to the House of Mary, drive to ancient city of Ephesus. You will be dropped at the upper gate of Ephesus with your tour guide. Start exploring the city. You will be walking down the hill approximately 1.5hrs. You will see the Odeon, the basilica, domitian square, fountain of Trajan, Celcus library, Terrace Houses (optional), Marble street, the Grand Theater of Ephesus and the Harbour Street. You will be endng your tour at the bottom gate. Drive approximately 3 hours to Pamukkale. Ovenight in Pamukkale.

Tour Timings:
08.00am - Depart Izmir Airport or an Izmir Airport Hotelt.
09.00am - Visit Basilica of St. John
10.00am - Visit House of Virgin Mary
11.30pm - Visit Ephesus
2.00pm - Lunch and see the local handcrafts
4.00pm - Depart Selcuk Town
7.00pm - Arrive Pamukkale for overnight.


Day 2 - Laodicea - Hierapolis (Pamukkale) - Sardis - Philadephia - Thyatira
After leaving your hotel, drive south east through the fertile lands. Your first stop will be Laodicea. Once a trade city which was known with glossy black wool and eye salve trade. Mentioned in the Book  of Revelation as the luke warm city. Afterwards visit ancient Hierapolis which is known as Pamukkale today. Natural thermal springs which has high density of chalk inside formed glacier looking terraces on the areas where flowed for thousands of years. Walk on the white terraces of Pamukkale. After lunch drive to the ancient Philadelphia Church at Alasehir, the youngest of the Seven Churches of Revelation, visiting the remains of an early church and the city walls. Continue to Sardis, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia. Walk the Royal Avenue and see the site of the Church of Sardis.  Finally at Akhisar we visit the Church of ancient Thyatira, another one of the 7 churches, set in an ancient commercial town with strong ties to Troy and Sardis.  Drive to Bergama for overnight.

Tour Timings:
08.00am - Depart your hotel in Pamukkale
8.30am - Visit Laodicea
10.00a, - Visit Hierapolis (Pamukkale)

12.15pm - Lunch
2.00pm - Visit Philadelphia
3.00pm - Visit Sardes

6.00pm - Visit Thyatra
8.00pm - Arive Bergama for overnight.


Day 3 -  Pergamon (Bergama) - Smyrna (Izmir)
Depart from your hotel for the ancient city of Pergamon. Mentioned in the book of revelation in the new testament among the seven churches of asia minor. The city was known as the city where the throne of satan is located. Visit acropolis and asklepion, the ancient famous hospital. After lunch drive to Izmir, the third largest city of Turkey. Known as Smyrna in the biblical times. Visit the remains of Ancient Agora in Smyrna. From ancient Smyrna there is not much left. The remains of the ancient city is under the modern buildings.  Smyrna is mentioned in the Book of Revelation known as the city of prosecution. Your tour will end at Izmir airport. 

Tour Timings:
08.00am - Depart your hotel in Bergama
08.30am - Visit Acropolis
11.30am - Visit Asklepion
12.15pm - Lunch
3.00pm - Visit Smyrna
5.00pm - Arrive Izmir Airport
The cost of the above private tour: 760 Euro (Total to be paid for the group of 1-6 people)

The price includes:
  • Excellent local licensed Englsih speaking tour guide.
  • Mercedes V-Class Minibus
  • Transportation costs
  • Service charges
  • Lunches
  • Parking fees to the sites.

The price does not include:
  • Hotel Accomodation
  • Entrance costs to the sites
  • Drinks during lunches​
* We recommend the guests to obltain Museum Pass Turkey or Museum Pass Aegean. This would be a more economical option for the costs of entry to the sites,
* If you need a private transfer from Izmir Airport to Kusadasi, the cost of private transfer 50 Euros.

​For more information, please contact us.
Recommended hotels to stay : 
(booking.com links)
Izmir Airport Hotels:
  • Orty Airport Hotel
  • Tav Airport Hotel Izmir
  • ​DoubleTree By Hilton Izmir Airport
Kusadasi :
  • Ilayda Avantgarde Hotel - 4 Stars
  • Double Tree by Hilton Hotel - 4 Stars
  • Hotel Ilayda - 3 Stars
Selcuk :
  • Saint John Hotel​​
  • Cella Hotel
  • Nea Efesos Hotel
​Pamukkale :
  • Venus Suite Hotel​
​Bergama :
  • Attalos Suites Hotel
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Ephesus Biblical History
Christian Heritage Tours of Ephesus
Cave of St. Paul in Ephesus
Private Tours of Ephesus
Private Tours of Pergamon
Private Tours of Laodicea
Private Tours of Sardis
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Private Tours of Loadicea - History of Laodicea 

2/17/2018

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Laodicea is home to one of the seven holy churches mentioned in the book of revelations of the new testament. Only city in Anatolia with four baths and two theaters. Laodicea also boasted a large ancient stadium (Capacity 25.000 people).

ResimAncient city of Laodicea
The city was formerly known as Diospolis, meaning the city of Zeus. The city was named after the wife of Seleucid King Antiochus II: Loadice. The population initially consisted of Greeks, Jews and the soldiers of Antiochus II.

The city of Laodicea was one of the chief seats of Christianity. Laodicea is mentioned in the epistle to the Colossians and is one of the seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelations. The Laodicean church is thought to have been founded by the Colossian Epaphras, a Christian preacher and one of the diciples of St. Paul.

Laodicea is located approximately 100 miles west of Ephesus and was connected to Ephesus with a trade road during the reign of Roman Empire at West, Anatolia. The city was founded in a valley formed by Lycus River. Besides Laodicea there were two more cities stood here: Hierapolis (Pamukkale) and Colossae. These 3 cities were located at the Asia Province of Roman Empire. Laodicea was located 6 miles away from Hierapolis (Pamukkale). The Lycus river was flowing between them. There area where these cities were founded was wealthy and fertile. Also the area became known with wool, textile industry and dying of these garments. Especially Loadicea was known with glossy black sheeps wool. According to some ancient histiorians, the chemicals in the water which the sheeps drank made the wool glossy and shining. Laodicea was located in the junction point of the trade roads which made the city rich. Loadicea became the financial headquaters of the area.

Laodicea was also known with a philosophy and a medical school. The medical school of Laodicea was known with ear and eye medications.

The city had 2 theaters. The small theater had a 8000 people capacity and the big one had 12000 people capacity.

As mentioned in the New Testament Col 4: 16), there is a letter sent to Laodicea by Paul which has never been discovered. Laodicea is mentioned as the lukewarm city in the new testament. There was no source of water where the city was founded. The water is supplied to the city from Hierapolis (Pamukkale). Pamukkale was known with the hot thermal springs, by the time the water reached to Laodciea, it was lukewarm. The church of Laodicea is said to be lukewarm like the water. This was the only congregation in the book of revelation where nothing good about it is said. Laodicea was a rich city in financial terms but a very poor city in faith.

The area had a major Jewish population, the jews came to the area in the 2nd century BC from Babylon. They were sent by Antiochus the Great as paid soldiers. These jews became the early christians and introduced trade to the area.

Cicero the famous Roman statesman served as the governor of the area and lived in Laodicea. 
Roman Empreror Hadrian spent a summer here.

On of the highlights to be seen in the ancient city of Laodicea, is a 4th century AD church which was ordered by Constantine the Roman Emperor. The church is recently re-erected and opened to the public visits. This church is considered to be one of the earliest church buildings of the world. 

Please click the following link for a virtual tour of Laodicea: 
​https://sanalmuze.gov.tr/muzeler/DENIZLI_LAODIKEIA_ORENYERI/

Laodicea, is 3 hours drive to Kusadasi. Visit to Laodicea can be combined with a visit to Pamukkale (Hierapolis) and Aprodisias. If requested we can organize you a private tour of Laodicea and Pamukkale (Hierapolis) and Aprodisias. We also offer 3 Days tours of the best preserved biblical sites of western Turkey including Laodicea. Contact us today for your personalised quote.
  • Private Tours of Pamukkale (Hierapolis) 
  • Private Aphrodisias Tours
  • 3 Days Tour of the Best Preserved Biblical Sites of West Turkey

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Laodicea
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Private Tours of Laodiea
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History of Sardis/Sardes - Private Sardis/Sardes Tours from Kusadasi, Selcuk, Sirince

2/17/2018

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Temple of Artemis in Sardis
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Synagogue in Sardis
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Gymnasium of Sardis
Sardis, also known as Sardes was an ancient political and cultural center of Anatolia, and the capital of the Kingdom of Lydia.

According to some historians Lydians entered Anatolia with Phrygians in the 13th century BC. According to some, Etruscans and Hitites have the same origin with Lydians. There were 4 major dynasties who ruled the empire. In the 7th century BC, Heraklid dynasty took over the rule. According to the legendary story: In the 7th century BC the kingdom was ruled by Kandaules. Kandaules was admired by the beauty of his wife. He mentioned this beauty to his beloved friend commander Gyges. He forced him to see his wife while she was naked. Kandaules had Gyges hidden behind the door of his sleeping room. However Queen saw Gyges while departing and had no reaction. The other day she ordered Gyges to come and see her in the residence while Kandaules was away. She said to him 'Seeing a queen naked should have a punishment. You have two options you either going to kill my husband and become the king or you will die here now.' It was so hard to make this decision of Gyges and he decided to kill his friend Kandaules and became the next King of Lydia. This was the begining of a new dynasty to rule the Lydan Empire. This caused a rebellion, Gyges consulted to the Delphoi Apollon Temple. The answer was in the favour of Gyges. The treasury of Gyges in Delphoi Temple was a symbol of his appreciation.

The peak times for Lydians and their capital city Sardis was over 150 years from 7th century till 546BC. In that time Phyrigians were at the mid part of Anatolia there were Persian and Kimmerian attacks to western Anatolia. Sardis was a very rich capital where Greek and Oriental cultures meet. Sardis was a city which is known with a sculpturing school. Aeolian and and Ionian cities was under rule of Lydians till 546BC. Smyrna was the port city of Lydian Empire.

The first coins were invented by the Lydians. They also invented electron, a coin mixture of gold and silver. In the beginning the ratio was %60 gold, %40 silver. This ratio changed by years.

The King of Lydia was Croesus and he was very rich. He is even referred to in the saying "as rich as Croesus". Much of the wealth of Sardis is thought to have come from a gold-bearing stream that ran through the city called the Pactolos River (Sartcay). Pactolos stream assumed Midas`s Golden Touch when the Phyrigian king bathed in the headwaters and forever after flowed with gold. Lydians were known as refining of Gold. They made small hollows in the ground and used as hearths to melt down the gold dust panned from the Poctolus stream. The native gold was purified further in the banks of small furnaces.

After prosperous days of Lydian period, Persian attacks dangered cities peak times. In 585BC during a battle with Persians a solar eclipse was experienced. This shocked the people and interpreted as the gods was not in the favour of this war. This solar eclipse was estimated by Thales of Miletus who was considered as one of the 7 geniuses of the ancient world. Croesus  consulted oracles regarding the future of the empire. Oracles advised him that he will be incharge for the destruction of an empire. He thought the empire will be destroyed will be Persia. However Sardis fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 546 BC. According to the legend King of Lydia had a son born from one of his concubines. For this miracle Lydian King consulted to the Apollon Temple. The prophecy was if the lion is toured around the city walls of Sardis, no one will conquer the city. Since some parts of the city was on very high slope, some parts were missed during touring. During the Persian siege, a Persian soldier saw a Lydian who dropped his helmet and went down to take it and climb back from the missed parts of the toured areas. The day after from the same area Persians climbed and captured the city and Croesus.

The city was the satrapy (goverment) center during the Persian rule. During the Ionian rebellion the city was destroyed by the Greeks. The city continued to flourish through the periods of Alexander the Great, Romans and Byzantines until it was inhabited by the Turks and then deserted.

It was here at Sardis that one of the "Seven Churches" had been founded. Investigations begun in 1910 by an American expedition exposed a well-preserved temple of Artemis along with a series of Lydian tombs dating from the 7th century BC and later. Since 1958 ongoing archaeological research at the site has uncovered, in addition to important Lydian-period finds, several later monuments, notably a gymnasium and synagogue of the 2-3C AD and several Byzantine shops.

Sardis also became the westernmost terminus of the Royal Road from Susa.
The ruins of Sardis can be divided into four areas: the Acropolis on Bozdag (Mount Tmolos), the Pactolos Valley where the Artemis Temple was built, the city located on both sides of the modern highway between Ankara and Izmir and finally Bintepeler (the Thousand Hills) consisting of 150 Lydian tombs. The ruins to the north of the highway are what were then public toilets, gymnasium and a synagogue. To the south of the synagogue was the main road of the city which had various shops, including a hardware store and a paint shop. The road once formed the westernmost stretch of the Royal Road. These ruins are of Byzantine period and have been dated to the 4th century AD. 

Synagogue is from the 3rd century AD and once was a part of the gymnasium and restored to be a synagogue. Sardes has the largest known ancient synagogue. Its size and grandeur are a testimony to the prosperity of the Jews in Sardes during Roman times and to their eminent position in the city. It was probably not originally planned to be a synagogue as it has a very different layout. It faces the direction of Jerusalem and the entrance is also from the same side through three gates, which open from the courtyard into the main assembly hall. After entering, one has to turn back to see the two shrines between the gates. At the opposite end of the hall there is a semicircular apse with three rows of marble seats which were thought to be for the elders. The floors were mostly covered with mosaics. 

Gymnasium is a large 'Imperial Type' complex consisting of a palaestra next to the synagogue, colonnades on three sides and the main building with the recently-restored ornate facade. According to its inscription, it was bulit in the 2nd c. AD and dedicated by the people of Sardes to Geta and Caracalla, the sons of Septimus Severus and to their mother Julia Domna. It was a complex of symmetrically arranged rooms. Around the gymnasium, one can notice the shops as paint shop and hardware shop. And also the part of the Royal road which is 30 feet wide. Bath consists of Apodyterium, Frigidarium, Tepidarium, Caldarium, 

Artemis Temple is located in the Pactolos Valley and was one of the seven largest ancient temples with eight columns at short side and twenty along long side. Artemis temples always lay outside the city. It was believed that an altar dedicated to Artemis & Zeus had existed there as early as the 5th century BC. It was begun about a generation after conquest of Alexander and enormous scale was clearly ment to rival the 3 great Ionian Temples: Ephesus Artemis Temple, Samos Heraion and Didyma Apollon Temple. 3 mentioned temples are built with dipteros style. Sardis Temple was constructed with pseudodipteros style. Cella was subdivided into two possibly for Zeus & Artemis. Western cella dedicated to Zeus and Eastern to Artemis. The heads of Antonius Pius and his wife Faustina is also been excavated proving that Faustina and Antonius Pius was worshipped here. The temple was built in stages, the first part being constructed in 300 BC. Later further construction took place in the 2nd century BC. Again only part of the project was completed. The third stage started in the 2nd century AD. At this stage the cella was divided into two halves by an internal cross-wall, the western half dedicated to Artemis and the other half to the Empress Faustina, who was deified after her death. 

Ruins of a small building at the southeastern corner of the temple belong to a 4th century AD church. According to some sources it is referred to as one of the Seven Churches of the Revelation. However, this cannot be correct as congregations not the actual buildings were meant by churches at that time.

Mounds: Burial mounds can also be noticed on the way. These individual thombs of kings and royalty of the 7th & 6th centuries BC. The largest mound is in the height of 200 feet.
We offer private tours to Sardis from Kusadasi, Selcuk and Sirince. 
For more information please contact us.

4 Days Tour of the Best Preserved Biblical Sites of Western Turkey - Revelation Tour
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Ancient City of Pergamon/Pergamum - Private Pergamon Tours from Izmir, Kusadasi, Selcuk, Sirince

2/14/2018

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Temple of Trajan - Acropolis of PergamonTemple of Trajan - Acropolis of Pergamon
Pergamon also known as Pergamum was an ancient city founded by colonists on the Aegean coast of Anatolia at the site of the present day city of Bergama. 

First inhabitance dates back to 8th century BC. However unlike many cities in the Aegean first inhabitants were not Greeks in this city. It was on a tributary of the Bakircay (Caicus River), enclosed by high mountains. Fertile, self-contained and easily defended, it provided the perfect setting for the maintenance of a city state. In the era following the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC), Lysimachus, one of Alexander’s generals, chose Pergamon as the treasury for his vast wealth, placing here 9,000 talents of gold under the guardianship of his lieutenant, Philetaerus. Upon Lysimachus’s death, Philetaerus used this fortune and founded the independent dynasty of the Attalid Kings. Pergamon later became the capital of a flourishing Hellenistic kingdom and one of the principal centers of Hellenistic civilization. Under Kings Attalus I and Eumenes II, Pergamon reached the height of its independent powers. At the same time, however, it began to look to Rome for alliance against the warring Hellenistic rulers. After signalizing himself as a friend of Rome, Attalus I was awarded the Seleucid dominions, making Pergamon a powerful kingdom, comprising of Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Pamphylia and Phrygia. In addition to extending the kingdom, Attalus I adorned his capital with architectural splendors. Attalos defeated the Galatians in 230BC. Eumenes II also brought the city to the climax of its cultural prominence. During the reigns of these two prominent kings, the city so flourished that it could only be compared to Antioch and Alexandria. King Attalus III bequeathed (133 BC) his domains to the Romans, under whom the city retained its position as the preeminent artistic and intellectual center of Anatolia but declined in political and economic importance. In the first years of Roman rule, a civil war was leaded by Aristonikos who claimed to be a non official son of Eumenes II. This civil war took 3 years and ended with his defeat, The city went through the Arab, Byzantine and finally the Turkish period in the 14th century.

Pergamon attained a high culture in the Hellenistic era, boasting an outstanding library that rivaled in importance that of Alexandria, a famous school of sculpture and excellent public buildings and monuments of which the Zeus Altar is the best example. Pergamum had 3 temples: Altar of Zeus, Temple of Athena and Temple of Trajan. In the Roman period, Pergamon played an important role in the early history of Christianity. It was also numbered among the Seven Churches of Revelation. The first Christian bishop of Pergamon, Antipas, was believed to have been martyred here in 92. (Revelation 2:13). Antipas was ordered to sacrifice an animal in the name of pagan gods. Antipas was sentenced to death on the altar of Zeus. (Anti-pas meaning against everything.)

Acropolis: The function of the acropolis in Pergamon was never the same as the function of the acropolis in Athens. In Athens everything was focused on religion, whereas in Pergamon it was on social and cultural activities, or in other words, daily life. As a result of this contrast, major buildings in Pergamon were reserved for public use in daily life. Even in the temples, religion was of secondary importance. Buildings had large areas for the public where they could meet, walk or join in social affairs. Pergamon was the first city to react against functional urbanism of Hippodamus preferring ornamental urbanism. Pergamenes agreed that functionalism was necessary, but that aesthetics were to be given even more consideration. The buildings of the Acropolis were designed to be seen from below and to impress those viewing the city from the valley. Except for the Trajan Temple all the buildings were built in the Hellenistic period during which constructions were made of andesite and very rarely in marble. Heroon, in general, is a shrine dedicated to a deified hero. The Heroon in the Acropolis of Pergamon was the imperial cult or the shrine in which kings of Pergamon, especially Attalus I and Eumenes II, were worshipped. It was a peristyle building made of andesite from the Hellenistic period. 

The Sanctuary of Athena was entered through a propylon which was built by Eumenes II. As written in its inscription, it was dedicated to victory-bringing Athena by King Eumenes. The entrance opens into a courtyard surrounded by three stoas of the Doric order. This also dates from the same period. At the corner near the theater was the Athena Temple in Doric order which was built earlier, in the 3C BC. It was built of andesite and stood on a crepidoma with two steps. 

The Library of Pergamon, built by Eumenes II, was the second of the three famous ancient libraries. It contained 200,000 volumes. A century later Mark Antony gave them to Cleopatra as a wedding present to be added to the collection of the library in Alexandria. The library building was next to the north stoa of the Athena Sanctuary. This was not a coincedance. Athena was known as the protector of science. Most probably, the second floor of the stoa was at the same level with the first floor of the library. It had a large reading hall with many shelves all around, leaving an empty space between walls and shelves for the circulation of air to prevent humidity. Manuscripts were written on parchment then rolled or folded and put on shelves. When the Egyptians prohibited the export of papyrus, the King of Pergamon ordered that a new material be found. The new discovery was "parchment", a fine material from sheep or goat skin, highly polished with pumice stone and slit into sheets. Therefore the name of Pergamon has been perpetuated and seen as synonymous with the word "parchment". They used scrolls which was rolled to a feet long stick. Reader was holding the two ends while reading he was rolling the stick. Codex, todays book shape was also founded in Pergamon. 

The Temple of Trajan was a 2C AD temple in Corinthian order, dedicated to Trajan, built by his successor Hadrian. Both emperors were worshipped there. The temple was built of marble, probably on the site of a previous Hellenistic building. Before the construction, the area was leveled off by using a successful arched and vaulted substructure. The temple is flanked by stoas on three sides, the one at the back being higher than the others. It was in Corinthian order to have a peripteros plan, with 9 by 6 columns. 

It is said that the Theater in the acropolis of Pergamon is the steepest raked Hellenistic theater in the world. The cavea of the theater which consists of 80 rows of seats is divided into three sections by two diazomas. The capacity was 10,000 people. The construction material is andesite. Because it was originally a Hellenistic theater, there was not a permanent stage building and people sitting on the cavea could see outside and beyond the playing area. In the Hellenistic period, performances were held in a festive atmosphere and took a long time. People spent a lot of time in the theater, usually the minimum of a full day. Therefore, they never wanted to block their view of outside and the stage building, being made of wood, was portable. Square holes at the back of the orchestra were for the portable stage building. The theater was also used during the Roman period with some alterations. 

The finest altar ever built can be accepted as the Zeus Altar at Pergamon, of about 180 BC, which stands in its own precinct but, most unusually, without a temple. The altar, a marble offering-table, stood on an enormous stone platform, which also supported the double colonnade of Ionic columns enclosing it on three sides. On the fourth side it was approached by a fine stairway, nearly 65 ft wide. Much of the structure and almost all of the friezes are now in Berlin. Decorated with vigorous friezes of life-size figures depicting a battle between gods and giants, its contemporary context is probably King Eumenes II’s celebration of his recent victories over the Galatians. If this is so, then the context incorporates within its apparently straightforward mythology the King’s assertion of his own triumphant role as the defender of traditions against barbarianism. At the top of the Great Altar of Zeus, there was a hallow bronze bull, designed for human sacrifice. The victims tied inside the bull, the head of the person was placed at the head part of the bull. Then a huge fire was lighted under the bull. As the fire heated the bronze, the person inside the bull began to roast and start shouting and crying, through the pipes of the bull which seemed to make the bull alive. Most probably Antipas also died like this. (Holokaust: Wholly burnt animal sacrifice.) In early 19 hundreds German engineer Carl Human by the approval of Ottoman Sultan dismantle the altar and took it to Berlin. In 1930s, the Pergamon Museum opened in Berlin which human sacrifies techniques most probably inspired  most bruthal dictator Hitler. Some of the Nazi Buildings at that time were inspired by the Altar of Zeus.

Water to Pergamon is taken from 30miles away with the help of Aquaducts and 240000clay pipes. Round structures which looks like a well was used to check the level of the water.

The Red Court: This building was a 2C AD temple dedicated to Egyptian gods and goddesses especially Serapis (known as Osiris in Egypt) from the time of the Emperor Hadrian. In the Byzantine period it was converted into a basilica. Because of the red bricks used in the construction and its court-like area, it was named the Red Court. The two pools as cold and hot was related to religious rituals. Water in Isis and Serapis cults are connected with Holly Nile river meaning abondance ve bereket. The building was constructed on Selinius river. Serapis has similarities with underworld god Hades (Plouton in Roman Mythology).

Asclepieum: Asclepieum was a sanctuary and a healing center built in the name of the god of healing, Asclepius. It was similar to the one in Epidauros in Greece. Although this place was set up in the 4C BC, it had its peak in the Roman period.

Asclepius, son of Apollo, the god of healing, was a famous physician. His mother, Coronis, a princess of Thessaly, died when he was an infant. Apollo entrusted the child’s education to Chiron, a centaur, who taught Asclepius the healing arts. Asclepius, when grown, became so skilled in surgery and the use of medicinal plants that he could even restore the dead back to life. Hades, ruler of the dead, became alarmed at this and complained to Zeus, who killed Asclepius with a thunderbolt. Hygiea was the daugther of Asklepion. Hygine word is derived from her name. 

The healing center, Asclepieum, had been something very similar to a modern natural healing clinic. Patients were given exercises, drugs, mud baths, herbal remedies, or could take the honey cure, drink the waters of the spring or be treated by suggestion. They could walk among the trees and be calmed by the scent of pine. Over the gate had been inscribed the words: "In the name of the Gods, Death is forbidden to enter". Terminal patients were not allowed for this ancient healing center. Reputation was so important that they did not want anyone hear that somebody died here. Snakes were sacred to Asclepius because of their power to renew themselves. That is why there was a relief of snakes at the entrance to the sacred area of the medical center symbolizing health. 

Among the famous physicians of the Asclepieum was Galen. Galen was the most outstanding physician of antiquity after Hippocrates. His anatomical studies on animals and observations of how the human body functions dominated medical theory and practice for 1400 years. Galen was born in Pergamon. A shrine to the healing god Asclepius was located in Pergamon and there young Galen observed how the medical techniques of the time were used to treat the ill or wounded. He received his formal medical training in nearby Smyrna and then traveled widely, gaining more medical knowledge. Galen dissected many animals, particularly goats, pigs and monkeys, to demonstrate how different muscles are controlled at different levels of the spinal cord. He also showed that the brain controls the voice. Galen showed that arteries carry blood, disproving the 400-year-old belief that arteries carry air. Galen was also highly praised in his time as a philosopher. He closely followed the view of the philosopher Aristotle that nothing in nature is superfluous. Galen’s principal contribution to philosophic thought was the concept that God’s purposes can be understood by examining nature. Galen’s observations in anatomy remained his most enduring contribution. His medical writings were translated by 9th century Arab scholars. Galen used herbal remedies. Today in pharmacy the 'galenical' is derived from his name. Galenical stands for a medicine prepared by extracting one or more active constituents of a plant.

The Colonnaded Road connected Asclepieum to the city. Originally it was 2,700 ft. Today only a small part of this road is visible. The Propylon was located at the end of the colonnaded road and dates from 2C AD. It had 12 steps and opened into a large courtyard which was surrounded by stoas on three sides. It had beautiful acroteriums one of which can be seen in the Bergama museum. Stoas originally had Ionic capitals but after an earthquake in the 2C AD, some Corinthian capitals were also used. The Library was for both educational and entertainment purposes with many medical books for the physicians and other books for use by the patients. The Theater is a small building in Roman style with a capacity of 3,500 people. It was mainly used for performances to entertain the patients when not receiving treatment. 

The Sacred Fountain provided water believed to have had healing power. Sleeping (incubation) rooms were used to make the patients sleep and analyze their dreams. The Tunnel is a vaulted subterranean passageway. It is 262 ft long. Under the floor ran water which provided relaxing sounds. On the ceiling there are 12 windows to provide sunlight inside the tunnel. The purpose of the tunnel is to make a treatment with the sound of water and provide a cool place for the patients in the hot summer months. Before patients enter to this tunnel, they drank a sedative and slept here in the dormitories while non poisonous snakes crawl among them all night. They were told that the serpent god, Asclepius will talk to them in their dreams and give them a diagnosis. It was believed that the snakes carried the healing power of Asclepius. If a snake wanders on you while you are sleeping, that was a divine sign that the healing power was coming to you. Once patients woke up, they told their dreams to the priests who prescribed their treatments. Finally, the patients made sculptures of the body parts that needed healing and offered them to Asclepius.

The Round Treatment Center was a two-storied building with six apsidal sections. Today only the lower floor remains. The walls and the floor were covered with marble and the roof was made of wood. Water coming through the tunnel, recesses for washing and the sun-terrace show that this room was also used for the treatment of patients. 

The Temple of Asclepius was erected by the Consul of the time in the 2C AD. A famed ancient medical center built in honor of Asklepios, the god of healing. It was also the world's first psychiatric hospital. The main part of the temple was cylindrical and covered by a dome. The floor and the walls were decorated with marble mosaics. There were many statues of gods and deities related to health including those of Asclepius himself. Hygenia and Telesphoros are also depicted here. Hygenia symbolzing health and Telesphoros curement. Telephoros was child god first discovered in Pergamon, later on worshipped in some ancient sites too. This building can be accepted as one of the earliest structures with a dome in Anatolia. The Asklepion gained in prominence under the Romans in the 2nd century AD, but a sacred site existed here as early as the 4th century BC. Many of the treatments employed at Pergamon, in complement with a sacred source of water that was later discovered as having radioactive properties, have been used for centuries and are once again finding modern application.Quite unlike modern hospitals, everybody who was anybody was dying to get in to the Asklepion: patients included Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Caracalla. But then again, the Asklepion was more like a modern spa than a hospital: therapy included mud baths, music concerts, and doses of water from the sacred fountain. Galen, the influential physician and philosopher who was born in Pergamon in 129 AD, trained and then later became an attendant to the gladiators here. Access to the Asklepeion is via the Sacred Way, which at 807m (2,690 ft.) long and colonnaded, originally connected the Asklepeion with the Acropolis. The sacred way becomes the stately Via Tecta near the entrance to the site and leads to a courtyard and fallen Propylaeum, or Monumental Gate. Reachable through an underground tunnel is what is traditionally called the Temple of Telesphorus, which served as both the treatment rooms and the sleeping chambers, an indication that sleep was integral in the actual healing process. At various spots in the center of the complex are a total of three pools and fountains, used for bathing, drinking, and various other forms of treatment. The northern colonnade, with 17 columns still in place, leads from the library to the restored theater, set into the slope of the hill. The theater hosts classical plays during the annual Bergama Festival. The semicircular Roman Theatre flanks the colonnaded promenade on the northwest corner of the site. Hours of therapy also probed the meaning of the previous night's dreams, as patients believed dreams recounted a visit by the god Asklepios, who held the key to curing illness. The treatments included psychotherapy, massage, herbal remedies, mud and bathing treatments, the interpretation of dreams, and the drinking of water.  

There was also an amphitheater close by. Amphi means double, meaning double theater. It is among the two amphitheaers of Asia Minor. Amphitheaters were especially constructed for Gladitioral Games. Some days are Arena was filled with water for naval battle plays. Water is supplied from the pond close by.

We offer private tours to Pergamon / Pergamum from Izmir, Kusadasi, Selcuk and Sirince. For more information please contact us.

Hotel Recommendation:
For travellers who are travelling Turkey with a rent a car. We recommend you to overnight at Akropolis Hotel. Akropolis Hotel is located in downtown Pergamon 100 meter distance to Red Basilica and Acropolis cable car station. Akropolis Hotel has a great location with very friendly and hospitable staff. Akropolis Hotel is for travellers who are looking for a clean accomodation with great location. This is a small boutique hotel but not a luxury one.
To book Akropolis Hotel, please click here for the booking.com booking page.
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Pacific Princess
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Puerto-de-izmir
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Pythagorio Ephesus Ferry
Pythagorio-ephesus-ferry
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Pythagorio-kusadasi-ferry
Pythagorion
Queen Elizabeth
Queen-mary-2
Queen-victoria
Recommended-hotels-in-ephesus
Regal Princess
Regent
Regent Seven Seas Cruises
Rehber
Rehberlik
Reiseleiter
Rentacar
Rentalcar
Revelation
Revelationtourturkey
Revelation Tour Turkey
Review
Rhapsody-of-the-seas
Riviera
Rotterdam
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Royal-clipper
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Ruinas-de-efeso
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Russian-tour-guide-ephesus
Saint-paul-in-ephesus
Samos
Samos Adasi Gezi
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Sardes
Sardis
Schedule
Seabourn
Seabourn Encore
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Selcuk
Selcuk Bus Station
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Selcuk Ephesus Tours
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Selcuk-to-ephesus-tour
Selcuk To Pamukkale By Train
Selcuk Train Station
Selcuk-train-station
Selcuk-train-station-to-ephesus
Selcuk-train-station-to-izmir-airport
Seven Churches Of Revelation
Seven Churches Of Revelation Tour
Seven Churches Tour
Seven Seas Mariner
Seven-seas-mariner
Seven Seas Splendor
Seven Seas Voyager
Shopping In Ephesus
Shore Excursion
Sigacik
Silver-cloud
Silver Moon
Silver-muse
Silversea
Silver Shadow
Silver Spirit
Silver-spirit
Silver Whisper
Silver-whisper
Silver-wind
Sirena
Sirince
Sirince To Ephesus
Sirince Village
Sirince Village Ephesus
Smyrna
Spanish
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Star-clipper
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Star Legend
Star Pride
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St-esprit-cathedral
St-paul-ephesus
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Synagogue
Taxi-cost-kusadasi-to-ephesus
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Taxi From Kusadasi To Ephesus
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Train
Train Basmane Selcuk
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  • Ephesus Travel Guide
    • Temple of Artemis
    • House of Virgin Mary
    • Basilica of St. John
    • Terrace Houses
    • Sirince Village
    • Isa Bey Mosque
    • Grotto of Seven Sleepers
    • Archaeological Museum
    • Questions about Ephesus >
      • How and when to go? Where to Stay? >
        • Hotels near Ephesus
        • Izmir Airport - Selcuk Town Train Schedules
    • Other places to visit near Ephesus >
      • Shopping in Kusadasi and Ephesus
    • Ephesus Pictures
  • Private Ephesus Tours
    • Private Ephesus Tours from Kusadasi >
      • Private Ephesus Tours from Kusadasi Cruise Port >
        • Private Tours for Oceania Cruises Passengers
        • Private Tours for Marella Cruises Passengers
        • Private Tours for Azamara Cruises Passengers
        • Private Ephesus Tours for Regent Passengers
        • Private Tours for NCL Passengers
        • Private Tours for Windstar Cruises Passengers
        • Private Tours for Holland America Line Passengers
        • Private Ephesus Tours for Silversea Passengers
        • Private Ephesus Tours for Star Flyer Passengers
      • Private Ephesus Tours from Kusadasi Setur Marina
      • Private Ephesus Tours from Guzelcamli Hotels
    • Private Ephesus Tours from Izmir >
      • Private Ephesus Tours from Izmir Airport
      • Private Ephesus Tours from Alacati and Cesme
      • Private Ephesus Tours from Izmir Cruise Port >
        • Private Ephesus Tours for MSC Cruise Passengers
        • Private Ephesus Tours for Costa Cruises Passengers
    • Private Ephesus Tours from Selcuk >
      • Private Ephesus Tours from Sirince Hotels
    • Ephesus Tour Guide Only
    • Ephesus in the Bible - Private Biblical Ephesus Tours >
      • Private Biblical Tours of Ephesus with Expert Local Tour Guides
      • Private Christian Heritage Tours of Ephesus
      • Cave of St. Paul in Ephesus
    • Ephesus Private Tour Rates >
      • Dates for Discounted Private Ephesus Tours
      • Ephesus Tour Guides
      • Private Tour and Transfer Vehicles
      • 2021 Entrance fees for Ephesus and surroundings
    • Excursiones Privadas a Efeso >
      • Tour privado sugerido de una semana de Turquía
      • Excursión a Éfeso para cruceros desde el Puerto de Kusadasi >
        • Excursiones privadas de Efeso para pasajeros de la Linea Holland America
        • Excursiones Privadas de Efeso para pasajeros de Cruceros Royal Caribbean
        • Giras Privadas a Efeso para pasajeros de Celebrity Cruceros
      • Qué hacer en Kusadasi
      • Excursiones privadas de hoteles de Selcuk
      • Solo Guia Turistico Servicios
      • Excursiones Privadas de Efeso para pasajeros de cruceros MSC
      • Tour privado de Pamukkale desde Kusadasi
      • Especial Tour de Éfeso: El Desayuno tradicional turco y Efeso
    • Excursoes privadas de Efeso >
      • Excursões privadas de Éfeso para os passageiros de Norwegian Jade
    • Частные Эфес туры >
      • Частный Эфес Экскурсии из порта Кушадасы >
        • Частные Эфес туры для Royal Caribbean пассажиров
        • Частные Эфес туры для норвежских пассажиl
        • Индивидуальные туры Эфес для Holland America Пассажир
        • Частные Эфес туры для Celebrity Cruises пассажиры
      • Частный тур в Памуккале от Кушадасы
      • Частные Эфес туры от аэропорта Измира
      • Частные Эфес туры для круизных пассажироk
      • Эфес Экскурсия на Эфес Экскурсовод
      • Частные Эфес туры для круизных пассажироk
    • Private Exkursionen von Ephesos >
      • Ephesos mit dem Tempel der Artemis ab Kusadasi Hafen
      • Ganztägige Tour Ephesos für Deutsch sprechende Gäste
      • Private Ausflüge von Ephesos für Mein Schiff 2 Passagieren
    • Escursioni private di Efeso e la Casa di Maria
  • Ephesus History
    • Magnesia Gate
    • State Agora, Basilica, Odeon, Prythaneion
    • Memnius Monument & Domitian Temple >
      • Caduceus or Rod of Asclepius ?
    • Hercules Gate, Trajan Fountain, Hadrian Temple
    • Public Baths, Latrines
    • Ephesus Celsus Library
    • Agora, Marble Street
    • Ephesus Theater, Church of Mary
  • Contact Us
    • Private Tour Enquiry Form
  • Denizhan`s Blog
  • Western Turkey Tours
    • 2 Days Ephesus Pamukkale Tour
    • 2 Days Western Turkey Tour
    • 3 Days Western Turkey Tour
    • 3 Days Biblical Tour of Western Turkey
    • 1 Week Private Tour of Turkey
    • Istanbul Walking Tours
  • Private Transfers around Ephesus
    • Kusadasi Izmir Airport Transfers
    • Kusadasi Pamukkale Transfer
    • Kusadasi Bodrum Transfer
  • Private Pamukkale Tours
    • Private Pamukkale Tours ending at Denizli Cardak Airport
    • Pamukkale Tour from Kusadasi
    • Kusadasi to Pamukkale Transfer
    • Plutonium (Gate to Hell) in Hierapolis (Pamukkale)
  • Private Laodicea Tours
  • Private Aphrodisias Tours
  • Private Pergamon Tours
    • Pergamon Re-created
  • Private Sardis Tours
  • Private Priene Tours