In 2025, both Nautica and Vista of Oceania Cruises will make stops at Kusadası Port. Nautica will make a total of 4 port calls at Kusadası Port on the 20 Night Crossroads Traveler Venice to Istanbul and 10 Night Ancient World Wonders Athens to Istanbul itineraries. On the other hand, Vista will make 4 port calls at Kusadası Port on its 20 Night Mediterranean Poetry Venice to Rome and 10 Night Philosophers & Sultans Venice to Istanbul cruises, These itineraries offer passengers a unique opportunity to discover the wonders of the Ancient Mediterranean Antiquities, especially the historical city of Ephesus. From archaeological treasures to fascinating ruins, travelers will have the chance to immerse themselves in the rich history and mythology of this fascinating region.

As Ephesus Travel Guide, we are excited to offer private Ephesus Excursions at much more affordable prices than Oceania Cruise Excurisons. When you book with us, instead of being part of a group of 30 people, you will be provided with your private tour guide, driver and vehicle. Our tour guides are not only licensed by the Turkish Government, but also experts on everything related to the region. You will be in complete control with a personalized Ephesus tour. Your private guide can adjust the tour to include other similar sights or even focus on a particular aspect or culture you want to learn more about. Our Ephesus Private Tours from Kusadasi Port offer comfortable excursions designed according to your interests. You will not be rushed from one stop to another; With our private tours you can truly take time to appreciate the ancient ruins. And the best part? All this comes at an even lower price than cruises. So don't miss this incredible opportunity to discover Ephesus at your own pace and at unbeatable prices.

If you are looking for a truly unforgettable Ephesus experience, do not hesitate to contact us today. We specialize in creating personalized Ephesus tours that specifically cater to your preferences and interests. Whether you want to explore ancient ruins, learn about the fascinating history of Ephesus, or simply soak in the beauty of this incredible destination, our team of experienced professionals is here to help you. For recommended excursions from Kusadası Port please do not hesitate to contact us. Start planning your dream Ephesus tour and create memories that will last a lifetime.

Viking Cruises Ancient Mediterranean Treasures cruises will call at Kusadasi Cruise Port.
In 2025, Viking Saturn, Viking Mars, Viking Vesta, Viking Jupiter and Viking Sea operated by Viking Cruises will have 35 port calls to Kusadasi Cruise Port. First call will be made by Viking Saturn on January 15 during Ancient Mediterranean Antiquities. We have started receiving enquiries from Viking Cruises passengers for private tours to Ephesus.

Ephesus Travel Guide is an Ephesus shore excursion operator. We provide high quality Ephesus cruise excursions at substantially lower prices than Viking Mediterranean Shore Excursions. Enjoy a more intimate experience and avoid the crowds. Viking Cruises included shore excursion (A gentle journey into the Ancient World) will only take you to a few sites.  By booking a private full day Ephesus Tour with us, Make the most out of your stay in Ephesus. Be confident in your choice with 24/7 support for travelers, no charge if you miss your Ephesus shore excursion due to an itinerary or a weather change, and guaranteed return to your cruise ship! Discover exciting excursions and day trips from Kusadasi to Ephesus. High value tours, lower cost than the Viking Cruise Excursions. Browse our collection of Ephesus private tours.

Ephesus Travel Guide is a trusted Ephesus shore excursion operator, committed to delivering exceptional experiences at unbeatable prices. Our specialty is showcasing fascinating  Antiquities of Ephesus and allowing our guests to embark on a truly extraordinary journey through time. With our meticulously designed Ephesus cruise tours, you will explore the fascinating ruins of Ephesus,. What sets us apart from other operators such as Viking Mediterranean Shore Excursions is not only the extremely low prices we offer, but also our commitment to providing a professional and reliable service. Book your Ephesus Shore Excursion with Ephesus Travel Guide and let us take you on an unforgettable exploration in the fascinating ancient city of Ephesus.

Ephesus is a very well preserved Greco-Roman city. Explore this fascinating treasure with Ephesus Travel Guide. Viking Cruises passengers who are seeking an exclusive private tour of Ephesus can
contact us via WhatsApp or contact form for expert advice to help select the best tours for you.

How to Book a Private Ephesus Shore Excursion ?
You can book this tour, by sending us an inquiry or by WhatsApp. 
Contact us or WhatsApp +90 536 225 5658
Write to a Private Shore Excursion expert for more information about this tour and other tours.

Eagerly waiting for the arrival of Regent Seven Seas ships in 2025, Kusadası Cruise Port offers cruise passengers an unforgettable opportunity to visit magnificent Ephesus. 

We can guarantee that our Private Ephesus Tour from Kusadasi Port is meticulously designed to enhance your travel experience. Immerse yourself in the ancient wonders of Ephesus, where you will walk in the footsteps of ancient civilizations and witness astonishing archaeological sites such as the majestic Library of Celsus and the grand Theatre. Our Expert Ephesus Tour Guides will enlighten you with fascinating narratives and bring history to life with their knowledge and passion. From well-preserved ruins to awe-inspiring Terrace Houses, every moment you spend in Ephesus will deepen your appreciation for the intricate stories woven among the stones of this extraordinary destination. 

In 2025, Kusadası Cruise Port will be graced by the arrival of magnificent ships of Regent Seven Seas Cruises: Seven Seas Grandeur, Seven Seas Splendor and Seven Seas Navigator. Among these impressive ships will be the Seven Seas Grandeur, which will set foot in port during the fascinating 10-night "Myths, Gods and Legends Cruise" from Athens (Piraeus) to Athens (Piraeus). Especially Seven Seas Voyager is no stranger to the charm of Kusadası; It made several to Kusadasi port in the past years. The inclusion of such famous ships in the range of Kusadası Cruise Port certainly promises cruise enthusiasts an extraordinary and unforgettable experience in the year 2024

As Ephesus Travel Guide, we are proud to offer private guided Ephesus tours from Kusadasi Port to cruise passengers. We understand the desire for an unforgettable experience, which is why our carefully crafted Ephesus tours provide an enlightening journey through the ancient ruins of Ephesus. Immerse yourself in the rich history and fascinating stories this extraordinary site has to offer. For more information or to book a Private Ephesus tour from Kusadasi Port, we invite you to visit our website or contact us directly. Let us be your guide on an unforgettable trip to Ephesus.

Several Celebrity Cruise ships are scheduled to call to Kusadasi Cruise Port in 2025. Celebrity Cruises Kusadasi calls will be 53. Kusadasi Cruise Port will welcome Celebrity Infinity, Celebrity Ascent and Celebrity Equinox.

​Kusadasi is the main cruise port for Ephesus. Kusadasi Port is also known as Ephesus Cruise Port. Kusadasi town is 5 minutes walking distance to Kusadasi Port, located in the heart of the town. Highlight of the area is the Ancient City of Ephesus. We recommend travelers to do an Ephesus Tour from Kusadasi Port.

How far is the cruise port in Kusadası from Ephesus?
Kusadasi Cruise Port to Ephesus is just 25 minutes drive. Kusadasi Cruise Port has many beautiful shops, making it a pleasure to explore and a convenient distance from Ephesus. 

Ephesus was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Anatolia (Modern Turkey), on the Ionian coast,  and later an important Roman city. The foundation of the city dates back to the Neolithic 6000 BC. The city was colonized in the 10th century BC by Greek Ionian settlers. Ephesus is famous for the nearby Temple of Artemis, one of the ancient seven wonders of the world.  Among the must see sites: the Celsus Library and the Grand theater that can hold 25,000 spectators. Ephesus was one of the seven churches of Asia Minor mentioned in Revelation. The Gospel of John may have been written in Ephesus.

We offer Ephesus Tours from Cruise Ships
​Like in the past years we are operating private Ephesus excursions for Celebrity Cruise Passengers from Kusadasi Cruise Port. We already started receiving many requests and private tour bookings. Our private Ephesus tours are less expensive than Celebrity Cruises Ephesus Excursions.

Kusadasi Cruise Port will be welcoming Celebrity Cruise Ships during 12 Night Spain, Malta & Greek Islands and 12 Night Turkey & Best Of Greek Islands Cruises. We have been receiving several private Ephesus tour bookings by Celebrity Cruise passengers.

If you are coming to Kusadasi with a cruise ship. It would be our pleasure to be in service to you as well. For more information contact us and visit: Private Ephesus Tours from Kusadasi

In the vicinity of Ephesus ruins, there is a good selection of boutique hotels for travellers who are seeking for comfortable and clean accomodation.

Here are some tips which will help you to choose where to stay: ​

Are you a Virgin Voyages Resilient Lady passenger looking for a unique and unforgettable experience during your visit to Kusadasi Cruise Port?
Look no further than Private Ephesus Excursions!
With expert tour guides and personalized itineraries, you can explore the ancient city of Ephesus in style and comfort. 

In 2025, the Resilient Lady of Virgin Voyages is scheduled to make four calls to the picturesque Kusadasi Port, promising unforgettable experiences for passengers. These upcoming visits to Kusadasi Port are a testament to the cruise line's dedication to providing top-notch travel experiences, allowing guests to explore the rich culture and stunning landscapes of this popular destination. Travel enthusiasts can look forward to experiencing the perfect blend of relaxation and adventure aboard the Resilient Lady as they dock in Kusadasi, known for its historical sites, vibrant markets, and breathtaking views.
Private Ephesus excursions offer a tailored experience that allows you to discover this historical gem at your own pace. With expert Ephesus tour guides from Kusadasi cruise port, you can delve into the rich history and culture of Ephesus while avoiding the crowds and hustle of group tours. Whether you are a history buff, an architecture enthusiast, or simply someone looking to immerse yourself in a new culture, a private tour of Ephesus will cater to your interests and preferences.

​Our private tours of Ephesus offer a more cost-effective option compared to Virgin Voyages Ephesus shore excursions. With our expertly guided tours, you can experience the rich history and culture of Ephesus without compromising on quality. Our team of knowledgeable guides ensures a personalized and memorable experience, all while keeping your budget in mind. By choosing our private tours, you get exceptional value for your money, making your visit to Ephesus not only affordable but also truly enriching.

• Personalized Itineraries: One of the main advantages of private Ephesus excursions is the ability to customize your itinerary according to your interests and preferences. Whether you want to focus on the iconic sites such as the Library of Celsus and the Temple of Artemis, or explore hidden gems off the beaten path, your tour guide can tailor the experience to suit your needs.
• Comfort and Convenience: Private tours offer a more intimate and comfortable setting compared to crowded group tours. As a Resilient Lady passenger, you can enjoy the sights and sounds of Ephesus without feeling overwhelmed or rushed. You can take breaks as needed, ask questions, and truly savor the moments without being surrounded by a large group of people.
• Safety and Security: Safety is paramount, especially when exploring a new destination. With a private Ephesus tour, you can rest assured that you are in safe hands. Your expert tour guide will ensure that you navigate the historical sites with ease and provide you with valuable insights and information along the way.

For Resilient Lady passengers that are looking for a unique and memorable experience during their visit to Kusadasi cruise port, private Ephesus excursions are the perfect choice. With expert tour guides, personalized itineraries, and a focus on comfort and safety, you can explore the wonders of Ephesus in a way that suits your preferences and interests. So why wait? Book your private Ephesus tour today and embark on a journey of discovery and adventure like never before! Experience the magic of Ephesus with Private Excursions. Expert guides and personalized itineraries await at Kusadasi cruise port. For more information, please contact us and visit Ephesus Tour from Kusadasi Port

In 2025, Disney Fantasy of Disney Cruise Line has planned two port of calls to Kusadasi Port, and we're delighted to offer private shore excursions for Disney Cruise Passengers at prices lower than Disney Cruise Port Adventures

Disney Fantasy, one of Disney Cruise Line's flagship ships, will call at the port of Kusadasi as part of its captivating Mediterranean cruise itinerary with the Greek Islands. This long-awaited trip promises an unforgettable experience, combining the enchanting charm of Greece with other fascinating Mediterranean destinations. When the ship docks at the port of Kusadasi, passengers will have the opportunity to explore the splendid beauty and rich history of this Turkish coastal city. From its stunning coastline to renowned sites such as the ancient city of Ephesus, Kusadasi offers a host of attractions for travelers to discover. The Disney Fantasy's visit to the port of Kusadasi will undoubtedly be a highlight of this carefully planned cruise, which brings together the meticulous magic of Disney with the charm of the Mediterranean in a truly professional and memorable way.

We offer a wide range of tour options to ensure an unforgettable experience for Disney Cruise Passengers. Immerse yourself in the captivating ancient city of Ephesus, known as one of the best preserved Roman cities in the world. Accompanied by a licensed local tour guide, you will embark on a quest that will take you to St. John's Basilica, the resting place of the Apostle John. This extraordinary journey also includes a visit to the famous "House of Virgin Mary".

Ephesus, with its marble-paved Curetes Street, the impressive Library of Celsus and the magnificent Grand Theatre, will transport you back to Greco-Roman times.

Our professional team guarantees a smooth and enriching experience, making your visit to Kusadasi Port truly unforgettable. For those looking for additional information about our private tours to Ephesus from Kusadasi port, we invite you to visit the following link: Ephesus Tour from Kusadasi Port

Here you will find a complete guide showing the highlights and unique experiences our tours offer. From the ancient ruins of Ephesus to the vibrant local markets, our professional team has crafted unforgettable itineraries tailored to your interests and preferences. Additionally, in our continued pursuit of excellence, we prioritize excellent customer service. Therefore, please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions or special requests. Our dedicated Ephesus Guides are ready to assist you to ensure your visit to Ephesus is an extraordinary experience.

We also offer kid friendly Ephesus tour for families travelling with children. We understand the importance of creating memorable experiences for the entire family, which is why we proudly offer kid-friendly tours of Ephesus. Our aim is to ensure that families traveling with children can explore this captivating ancient city without any worries or hassle. Our professionally curated Ephesus Family Tour cater specifically to the needs and interests of young explorers, providing a well-balanced blend of education, fun, and adventure. From interactive storytelling that brings history to life, to engaging activities designed to spark curiosity, our expert guides are committed to keeping children entertained and engaged throughout the tour. We take pride in creating an environment where families can bond over shared discoveries and create lasting memories. If you're looking for an unforgettable experience in Ephesus for your family, we invite you to visit the following link: Ephesus Family Tour

We have just completed 2 Days Custom Tour of Western Turkey for Oeler Family from Dubai. They had wonderful time with our tour guide.

We offer private tours of Western Turkey. These tours can start from Izmir airport, Izmir hotels, Kusadasi hotels, Pamukkale hotels or any other desired location nearby. 

Suggested tour program is as follows:
​
Day 1 - Fullday Tour of Ephesus
Meet with your guide in front of  your hotel in Kusadasi. Drive  to the country. Your first stop on this fascinating tour is at the HOUSE OF VIRGIN MARY. Then, you will continue on to visit ancient EPHESUS, one of the most magnificent and best-preserved ancient sites in the world. See the Odeion, the Market Basilica, Curetes Street, Bath,Celsus Library, Marble Street and the Great Theater with a seating capacity of 25,000 people. Afterwards visit the  BASILICA OF ST. JOHN and see the TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, one of the wonders of the  ancient world. En-route to Kusadasi enjoy the scenery or shopping opportunity. Overnight in Kusadasi.

Day 2 - Fullday Tour of Pamukkale and Aphrodisias
After departing from Kusadasi, drive east approx. 2 hours. Visit Aphrodisias, see the finest works of marble from Roman Period and the 30.000 spectator capacity gigantic roman stadium. Continue to Hierapolis (Pamukkale) Enter the site from North Gate and walk through the Ancient Necropolis (Cemetery). So far Italian archaeologists excavated over 1200 tombs in the area. The total number is expected to exceed 3000.  No where in the world you can see such a gigantic ancient cemetery. Afterwards see the Roman Bath,  walk through Domitian Gate, Frantinus Avenue to see the other remains. View the huge Roman theater having a capacity of 10000.  Walk on the calcium deposit terraces of Pamukkale. Enjoy the stunning views. The water temperature is 32 degrees.  At the end of the tour we can drop you at a hotel in Pamukkale or drive you back to Kusadasi.


Private Tour Cost: 600 Euro (Total to be paid for your party of 1-6 people)


Rates Cover:

• Services of an excellent English speaking tour Guide 
• A/C Mercedes MPV
• All transportation costs.
• Tax, service charges.
• Pick up and drop off from/to Hotel in Kusadasi or Selcuk
• Lunches
• Parking fees

Rates Do Not Cover:

• Entrance fees to the sites.
• Drinks during lunches.

There is no prepayment required for the reservation. To avoid disappointment, we recommend to make your private tour reservation at earliest possible.

Payment Terms:
Payment can be made in Euro or US Dollar cash at the end of the tour. There is no prepayment required.

We recommend you to overnight in Kusadasi.
Recommended hotels to stay in Kusadasi:

• Ilayda Avantgarde Hotel - 4 Stars
• LaVista Boutique Hotel
• Charisma Deluxe Hotel - 5 Stars
• Double Tree by Hilton Hotel - 4 Stars
• Korumar Deluxe Hotel - 5 Stars

• Hotel Ilayda - 3 Stars

We offer custom private tours of Western Turkey such as above.
For more information, please contact us.

​For travelers who has limited time in Turkey, we offer private tours of Ephesus and Pamukkale in one day from Kusadasi, Selcuk and Sirince Village. Combine two of Turkey's must-see highlights into one day.  You will be spending approximately 1.5-2 hours in Ephesus and approximately 2.5 hours in Pamukkale. At the end of your private tour we can take you back to Kusadasi, Selcuk Sirince Village or drop you at a hotel in Pamukkale. Kindly note that it takes 3 hours drive from Ephesus to Pamukkale. This is a long tour. We recommend to visit Pamukkale and Ephesus in two days.  This tour is offered for travelers who has limited time. 

Suggested Pamukkale and Ephesus in one day tour program is as follows:
Meet with your guide in front of your hotel in Kusadasi, Selcuk or Sirince Village. (Recommended time to start the tour is 8am) Drive  to the country. Drive by the Temple of Artemis, one of the 7 wonders of the ancient would, afterwards see the remains of Basilica of St. John from outside. Drive to visit ancient Ephesus, one of the most magnificent and best-preserved ancient sites in the world. See the Odeion, the Market Basilica, Curetes Street, Bath,Celsus Library, Marble Street and the Great Theater with a seating capacity of 25,000 people. After the visit to the ancient city of Ephesus, drive to Pamukkale. On the way to Pamukkale, stop for lunch at a local restaurant. Upon arrival to Hierapolis (Pamukkale) Enter the site from North Gate and walk through the Ancient Necropolis (Cemetery). So far Italian archaeologists excavated over 1200 tombs in the area. The total number is expected to exceed 3000.  No where in the world you can see such a gigantic ancient cemetery. Afterwards see the Roman Bath,  walk through Domitian Gate, Frantinus Avenue to see the other remains. View the huge Roman theater having a capacity of 12,000.  Walk on the calcium deposit terraces of Pamukkale. Enjoy the stunning views. The water temperature is 32 degrees.  At the end of the tour we can drop you at a hotel in Pamukkale or drive you back to Kusadasi, Selcuk or Sirince Village.

* This tour can also be offered for travellers who are staying in Pamukkkale hotels. We can pick you up from your hotel in Pamukkale and at the end of your Pamukkale and Ephesus tour, we can drop you at your hotel in  Kusadasi, Selcuk or Sirince Village.

Tour timings are as follows:
8.00 - Depart Kusadasi
8.30 - Arrive Ephesus and visit
10.30 - Depart Ephesus
13.00 - Lunch 
14.00 - Enter Pamukkale
16.30 - Depart Pamukkale
19.00 - Arrive back to Kusadasi.

Cost of private tour Ephesus and Pamukkale starting and ending in Kusadasi: 400 Euro (Total to be paid for your party of 1-6)
* Above rate is NOT a per person rate. It is total to be paid for your group.

Rates Cover:

• Services of an excellent English speaking tour Guide 
• A/C MPV
• All transportation costs.
• Tax, service charges.
• Pick up and drop off from/to as indicated.
• Traditional Turkish Lunch 
• Parking fees to the sites.

Rates Do Not Cover:

• Entrance fees to the sites.
• Drinks during lunch​

​* There is no prepayment required for the reservation. To avoid disappointment, we recommend to make your private tour reservation at earliest possible.

Payment Terms:
Payment can be made in Euros, Turkish Liras, British Pounds and US Dollars cash at the end of the tour. There is no prepayment required for the booking.

Cancellation Policy
You can cancel a tour 72 hours in advance of your tour departure without any charges. If you would like to cancel a tour, simply send us an email and we will  be happy to assist you. Once you are within the 24 hour tour departure window,  the tour becomes non-refundable. This is because our guide and vehicle have set  aside space to accommodate your request and will often not be able to  fill that  space with another customer so close to departure. 

For more information and costs please contact us.

Day 1
Private Tour of  Pamukkale (Hierapolis) starting and ending in Kusadasi.
After departing from your hotel, drive east approx. 3 hours. Enter the site from North Gate and walk through the Ancient Necropolis (Cemetery). So far Italian archaeologists excavated over 1200 tombs in the area. The total number is expected to exceed 3000.  No where in the world you can see such a gigantic ancient cemetery. Afterwards see the Roman Bath,  walk through Domitian Gate, Frantinus Avenue to see the other remains. View the huge Roman theater having a capacity of 10000. Walk on the calcium deposit terraces of Pamukkale. Enjoy the stunning views. The water temperature is 32 degrees.  For the ones interested there is an opportunity to swim at the ancient pools of Cleopatra.  Kindly note there is an extra entrance fee approximately 8 Euros per person. 

Day 2
Private Tour of Priene, Miletus and Didyma starting and ending at Kusadasi
Following the departure from your hotel, the first stop will be PRIENE. The ancient harbor city of Priene probably changed its location when the silt of the Meander River threatened to bury it. Now it is nearly 16km away from the sea. The original place of the city has never been found but it was probably a peninsula with two harbors. Priene was laid out on a Hippodamian system of grid plan at the foot of a spectacular cliff on mount Mycale and contained many famous examples of Hellenistic art and architecture. All the streets intersect at right angles. Next visit MILETUS, an ancient city located near the mouth of the Meandros River. Miletus owed its importance to its position on the trade routes. It was one of the largest cities in Anatolia. Highly prosperous, it founded many colonies and was the home of the ancient philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes and Thales, the town planner Hippodamus and architect Isidorus. Having a prominent position, Miletus became the most important port in this area and it was the most active member of the twelve cities of the Ionian Confederation. From the 7th century B.C. the city has been controlled in turn by the Persians, Roman and Seljuk Turks. The last visit in the tour will be DIDYMA. The world Didyma meant "twins" and it was associated by some as being the meeting place of Zeus and Leto to have their twins Apollo and Artemis. Didyma was famed as a prophecy center dedicated to Apollo, which served a similar purpose as the Delphi of Anatolia. It was not a city but a sanctuary linked to Miletus by Milesians with a 12 mile sacred road.

Day 3
Private Tour of Ephesus, Haouse of Virgin Mary, Basilica of St. John 
Meet with your guide in front of the Kusadasi port passenger terminal. Drive  to the country. Your first stop on this fascinating tour is at the Hourse of Virgin Mary. Then, you will continue on to visit ancient Ephesus, one of the most magnificent and best-preserved ancient sites in the world. See the Odeion, the Market Basilica, Curetes Street, Bath,Celsus Library, Marble Street and the Great Theater with a seating capacity of 25,000 people. Afterwards visit the  BASILICA OF ST. JOHNand see the Temple of Artemis, one of the wonders of the  ancient world. En-route to Kusadasi enjoy the scenery or shopping opportunity

For private tour costs and availability, please contact us.
​
Rates Cover:
- Services of an excellent English speaking Guide
-  A/C vehicle. 
- All transportation costs.
- Tax, service charges
- Parking Fees
- Traditional Turkish Lunch

Rates Do Not Cover:
- Entrance fees to the sites.
- Drinks during lunch

For more information, please contact us.

Embark on a captivating 5-day private tour of Western Turkey to experience an enriching journey through historical and cultural gems. Your itinerary includes must-see destinations such as Pergamon, Kusadasi, Ephesus, Pamukkale, Aphrodisias, Priene, Miletus, Didyma, Sirince, and Izmir. With expert guides leading the way, you will delve into the ancient ruins of Ephesus, marvel at the natural wonders of Pamukkale's thermal springs, and immerse yourself in the enchanting village of Sirince. This meticulously curated tour offers a seamless blend of relaxation and exploration, promising an unforgettable adventure through the heart of Western Turkey.

Day 1- Arrive Izmir - Pergamon - Overnight in Kusadasi
Boarding your vehicle in Izmir airport drive to the north of Izmir, pass fertile fields and olive trees, to the present day, modern town of Bergama, once known as Pergamon, a great center of culture. The ancient city was a capital of the Pergamon Kingdom, and it was here that parchment paper was invented. Today, Pergamon is one of Turkey's finest archeological sites. Drive up to the Acropolis, to see the remains of the citadel and the city walls, the foundations of the Zeus Altar, and the Royal Palace. The famous Pergamon Library once contained 200.000 scrolls which were a gift to Cleopatra from Mark Anthony. Walk through the Agora and see the restored Trajan Temple and the remains of the Demeter, Athena and Dionysus Temples. On the steep slopes of the Acropolis you will visit the Theatre, which once held as many 15.000 spectators, view the town and its surroundings from this site.  Continue to the town en route, see the Red Basilica which was used as a temple dedicated to the Egyptian godess of Serapis. Enjoy lunch in local Restaurant of Bergama and have a taste of Turkish food. In the afternoon, visit the Asclepion, a healing center from the 4th century BC and one of the most important sites of Pergamon. Here patients had herbalistic, aquatic and psychological treatment. Visit the Temple of Asclepios, the theatre, and walk through the sacred corridor and down the ancient,arcaded, marble-paved boulevard. Drive to Kusadasi. Overnight in Kusadasi.

Day 2 - Fullday Tour of Ephesus
Meet with your guide in front of  your hotel in Kusadasi. Drive  to the country. Your first stop on this fascinating tour is at the HOUSE OF VIRGIN MARY. Then, you will continue on to visit ancient EPHESUS, one of the most magnificent and best-preserved ancient sites in the world. See the Odeion, the Market Basilica, Curetes Street, Bath,Celsus Library, Marble Street and the Great Theater with a seating capacity of 25,000 people. Afterwards visit the  BASILICA OF ST. JOHN and see the TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, one of the wonders of the  ancient world. En-route to Kusadasi enjoy the scenery or shopping opportunity. Overnight in Kusadasi.

Day 3 - Fullday Tour of Pamukkale
After departing from Kusadasi, drive east approx. 2.5 hours to. visit Hierapolis (Pamukkale). Enter the site from North Gate and walk through the Ancient Necropolis (Cemetery). So far Italian archaeologists excavated over 1200 tombs in the area. The total number is expected to exceed 3000.  No where in the world you can see such a gigantic ancient cemetery. Afterwards see the Roman Bath,  walk through Domitian Gate, Frantinus Avenue to see the other remains. View the huge Roman theater having a capacity of 10000.  Walk on the calcium deposit terraces of Pamukkale. Enjoy the stunning views. The water temperature is 32 degrees.  At the end of the tour we can drop you at a hotel in Pamukkale or drive you back to Kusadasi.

Day 4 - Fullday (8hours) Priene, Miletus and Didyma
Meet with your guide at your hotel in Kusadasi. Following the departure from the pier, the first stop will be PRIENE. The ancient harbor city of Priene probably changed its location when the silt of the Meander River threatened to bury it. Now it is nearly 16km away from the sea. The original place of the city has never been found but it was probably a peninsula with two harbors. Priene was laid out on a Hippodamian system of grid plan at the foot of a spectacular cliff on mount Mycale and contained many famous examples of Hellenistic art and architecture. All the streets intersect at right angles. Next visit MILETUS, an ancient city located near the mouth of the Meandros River. Miletus owed its importance to its position on the trade routes. It was one of the largest cities in Anatolia. Highly prosperous, it founded many colonies and was the home of the ancient philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes and Thales, the town planner Hippodamus and architect Isidorus. Having a prominent position, Miletus became the most important port in this area and it was the most active member of the twelve cities of the Ionian Confederation. From the 7th century B.C. the city has been controlled in turn by the Persians, Roman and Seljuk Turks. The last visit in the tour will be DIDYMA. The world Didyma meant "twins" and it was associated by some as being the meeting place of Zeus and Leto to have their twins Apollo and Artemis. Didyma was famed as a prophecy center dedicated to Apollo, which served a similar purpose as the Delphi of Anatolia. It was not a city but a sanctuary linked to Miletus by Milesians with a 12 mile sacred road. Drive back to Kusadasi.

Day 5 - Sirince Village and Izmir City
After departing your hotel in Kusadasi, you will arrive at SIRINCE VILLAGE. This old Orthodox Village, 30 km from Kusadasi, was once  "Cirkince"(ugly). Indeed its inhabitants gave this name on the purpose as they  did not want to be bothered by foreigners nor to share the beauty of their village. Still after years, visitors understood that the village was not ugly and called it "Sirince" (pretty). Today the village is a perfect synthesis of Turkish-Greek culture as of the 1920's; after the Turkish Independence War, people exchange between Greek and Turks has occurred and all those typical Greek  houses, though they kept their original outside characteristics, have received  the local layout inside. At Sirince Village you will have chance of seeing the  local life at a village and purchasing some small local souvenirs and  handicrafts. The village is also famous for its local grape and other fruit wines. Afterwards drive to Izmir City Center. Visit the historical Kemeralti Bazaar, which is the most vibrant shopping center of Izmir for centuries covering a huge area.  In 17th and 18th centuries French and British merchants  first and in 19th C AD Turkish immigrants  later from Greece and Aegean Island to Izmir have made a great contribution for enlarging  the shopping mall as to be the center of trade in Izmir. It began expanding to a large area throughout the Konak square with a big variety of shops. Transfer to Izmir AIrport. End of services.

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Uncover the hidden wonders of Ephesus and indulge in the exquisite flavors of local wines at a local winery. This meticulously crafted day tour offers a serene pace, allowing you to immerse yourself in the mesmerizing ruins of Ephesus at your own rhythm. As you traverse through the breathtaking landscapes punctuated by olive and pine trees, you will be led to a secluded local winery, a haven of tranquility. 

Winemaking flourished throughout the Aegean during the peak time of Ephesus in the 1st and 2nd century AD. As a major trade center, Ephesus imported and exported wines. Romans almost always diluted their wine with water. The ratio could vary depending on the situation, but sometimes they would even use equal parts water and wine. This made the drink safer (unrefrigerated wine could be quite strong), more refreshing, and a better accompaniment to food. Romans saw diluting wine with water as a civilized practice. Undiluted strong wine consumption was considered as barbaric. Wine was a staple beverage, consumed by all classes in ancient Roman Empire. Even slaves received a daily ration of wine.

Join us for an unforgettable journey through fertile landscapes of Ephesus. Indulge in the local wines of this exquisite country by joining our meticulously curated Ephesus wine tour. Designed for wine enthusiasts. Our expert Ephesus tour guide will lead you on a captivating exploration of Greek and Roman history and will connect you with passionate a winemaker who will share the rich insights and stories of the local wines. Join us in celebrating the history and culture of winemaking as you savor the unforgettable flavors and aromas that make each sip a truly remarkable experience. Cheers to an extraordinary adventure filled with wine, and history.

As you meet with your tour guide embark on an extraordinary journey filled with historical wonders. Your first stop will be the Temple of Artemis, one of the 7 wonders of the Ancient World. Afterwards immerse yourself in the grandeur of the Ancient City of Ephesus as you stroll through its colonnaded streets, guided by the wealth of Greek and Roman history. Transport yourself back in time to the enchanting city of Ephesus, gaining insight into the daily lives and magnificence of past civilizations. Amidst picturesque olive orchards and pine trees, relish a traditional Turkish lunch before indulging in local handicrafts. After this memorable visit to Ephesus, a panoramic drive through the countryside to Camlik Village where you'll discover a serene local vineyard called 7 Bilgeler. Amid lavender gardens, vineyards and lush hills, delight your senses with the essence of local wines, swirling the flavors and inhaling the aromas that echo the divine pleasure once enjoyed by the Greek Gods themselves. Learn about winemaking industry of Ephesus, which dates back more than 6,000 years, from an expert. You will be escorted on a tour of the facility and the cellar where the French oak barrels are stored. Sample the local wines with an assortment of local Turkish cheeses. 

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Sardis, commonly known as Sardes, has an important place in history as an ancient political and cultural center, having once been the capital of the Lydian Kingdom in Anatolia. Located in modern-day Turkey, this city played an important role in shaping the political landscape and cultural development of the region. Known for its wealth, Sardis served as a thriving trading center attracting merchants from all over. As a testament to its grandeur, the city was adorned with remarkable architectural monuments. Today, Sardis stands as a testament to the grandeur of ancient Anatolia, leaving behind a legacy that continues to fascinate historians and archaeologists alike.

The Lydians were an important civilization that existed in Anatolia for an impressive period of 505 years. This ancient kingdom, known for its advances in trade and monetary systems, left an indelible mark on the history of the region. 
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According to some historians Lydians entered Anatolia with Phrygians in the 13th century BC. According to some, Etruscans and Hitites have the same origin with Lydians. There were 3 major dynasties who ruled the empire. In the 7th century BC, Heraklid dynasty took over the rule. According to the legendary story: In the 7th century BC the kingdom was ruled by Kandaules. Kandaules was admired by the beauty of his wife. He mentioned this beauty to his beloved friend commander Gyges. He forced him to see his wife while she was naked. Kandaules had Gyges hidden behind the door of his sleeping room. However Queen saw Gyges while departing and had no reaction. The other day she ordered Gyges to come and see her in the residence while Kandaules was away. She said to him 'Seeing a queen naked should have a punishment. You have two options you either going to kill my husband and become the king or you will die here now.' It was so hard to make this decision of Gyges and he decided to kill his friend Kandaules and became the next King of Lydia. This was the begining of a new dynasty to rule the Lydan Empire. This caused a rebellion, Gyges consulted to the Delphoi Apollon Temple. The answer was in the favour of Gyges. The treasury of Gyges in Delphoi Temple was a symbol of his appreciation.

The peak times for Lydians and their capital city Sardis was over 150 years from 7th century till 546BC. In that time Phyrigians were at the mid part of Anatolia there were Persian and Kimmerian attacks to western Anatolia. Sardis was a very rich capital where Greek and Oriental cultures meet. Sardis was a city which is known with a sculpturing school. Aeolian and and Ionian cities was under rule of Lydians till 546BC. Smyrna was the port city of Lydian Empire.

The first coins were invented by the Lydians. They also invented electron, a coin mixture of gold and silver. In the beginning the ratio was %60 gold, %40 silver. This ratio changed by years.

The King of Lydia was Croesus and he was very rich. He is even referred to in the saying "as rich as Croesus". Much of the wealth of Sardis is thought to have come from a gold-bearing stream that ran through the city called the Pactolos River (Sartcay). Pactolos stream assumed Midas`s Golden Touch when the Phyrigian king bathed in the headwaters and forever after flowed with gold. Lydians were known as refining of Gold. They made small hollows in the ground and used as hearths to melt down the gold dust panned from the Poctolus stream. The native gold was purified further in the banks of small furnaces.

After prosperous days of Lydian period, Persian attacks dangered cities peak times. In 585BC during a battle with Persians a solar eclipse was experienced. This shocked the people and interpreted as the gods was not in the favour of this war. This solar eclipse was estimated by Thales of Miletus who was considered as one of the 7 geniuses of the ancient world. Croesus consulted oracles regarding the future of the empire. Oracles advised him that he will be incharge for the destruction of an empire. He thought the empire will be destroyed will be Persia. However Sardis fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 546 BC. According to the legend King of Lydia had a lion son born from one of his concubines. For this miracle Lydian King consulted to the Apollon Temple. The prophecy was if the lion is toured around the city walls of Sardis, no one will conquer the city. Since some parts of the city was on very high slope, some parts were missed during touring. During the Persian siege, a Persian soldier saw a Lydian who dropped his helmet and went down to take it and climb back from the missed parts of the toured areas. The day after from the same area Persians climbed and captured the city and Croesus.

The city was the satrapy (goverment) center during the Persian rule. During the Ionian rebellion the city was destroyed by the Greeks. The city continued to flourish through the periods of Alexander the Great, Romans and Byzantines until it was inhabited by the Turks and then deserted.

It was here at Sardis that one of the "Seven Churches" had been founded. Investigations begun in 1910 by an American expedition exposed a well-preserved temple of Artemis along with a series of Lydian tombs dating from the 7th century BC and later. Since 1958 ongoing archaeological research at the site has uncovered, in addition to important Lydian-period finds, several later monuments, notably a gymnasium and synagogue of the 2-3C AD and several Byzantine shops.

Sardis also became the westernmost terminus of the Royal Road from Susa.

The ruins of Sardis can be divided into four areas: the Acropolis on Bozdag (Mount Tmolos), the Pactolos Valley where the Artemis Temple was built, the city located on both sides of the modern highway between Ankara and Izmir and finally Bintepeler (the Thousand Hills) consisting of 150 Lydian tombs. The ruins to the north of the highway are what were then public toilets, gymnasium and a synagogue. To the south of the synagogue was the main road of the city which had various shops, including a hardware store and a paint shop. The road once formed the westernmost stretch of the Royal Road. These ruins are of Byzantine period and have been dated to the 4th century AD. 

Synagogue is from the 3rd century AD and once was a part of the gymnasium and restored to be a synagogue. Sardes has the largest known ancient synagogue. The synagogue in Sardis boasted an impressive capacity of accommodating up to 1000 people. Its size and grandeur are a testimony to the prosperity of the Jews in Sardes during Roman times and to their eminent position in the city. It was probably not originally planned to be a synagogue as it has a very different layout. It faces the direction of Jerusalem and the entrance is also from the same side through three gates, which open from the courtyard into the main assembly hall. After entering, one has to turn back to see the two shrines between the gates. At the opposite end of the hall there is a semicircular apse with three rows of marble seats which were thought to be for the elders. The floors were mostly covered with mosaics. 

Gymnasium is a large 'Imperial Type' complex consisting of a palaestra next to the synagogue, colonnades on three sides and the main building with the recently-restored ornate facade. According to its inscription, it was bulit in the 2nd century AD and dedicated by the people of Sardes to Geta and Caracalla, the sons of Septimus Severus and to their mother Julia Domna. It was a complex of symmetrically arranged rooms. Around the gymnasium, one can notice the shops as paint shop and hardware shop. And also the part of the Royal road which is 30 feet wide. Bath consists of Apodyterium, Frigidarium, Tepidarium, Caldarium, 

Artemis Temple is located in the Pactolos Valley and was one of the seven largest ancient temples with eight columns at short side and twenty along long side. Artemis temples always lay outside the city. It was believed that an altar dedicated to Artemis & Zeus had existed there as early as the 5th century BC. It was begun about a generation after conquest of Alexander and enormous scale was clearly ment to rival the 3 great Ionian Temples: Ephesus Artemis Temple, Samos Heraion and Didyma Apollon Temple. 3 mentioned temples are built with dipteros style. Sardis Temple was constructed with pseudodipteros style. Cella was subdivided into two possibly for Zeus & Artemis. Western cella dedicated to Zeus and Eastern to Artemis. The heads of Antonius Pius and his wife Faustina is also been excavated proving that Faustina and Antonius Pius was worshipped here. The temple was built in stages, the first part being constructed in 300 BC. Later further construction took place in the 2nd century BC. Again only part of the project was completed. The third stage started in the 2nd century AD. At this stage the cella was divided into two halves by an internal cross-wall, the western half dedicated to Artemis and the other half to the Empress Faustina, who was deified after her death. 

Ruins of a small building at the southeastern corner of the temple belong to a 4th century AD church. According to some sources it is referred to as one of the Seven Churches of the Revelation. However, this cannot be correct as congregations not the actual buildings were meant by churches at that time.

Mounds: Burial mounds can also be noticed on the way. These individual thombs of kings and royalty of the 7th & 6th centuries BC. The largest mound is in the height of 200 feet.

​According to some historians, there is a belief that the origins of the Etruscans date back to this region. In 1600BC on the Greek island of Santorini, known as Thera in ancient times. The volcanic eruption that occurred had important consequences for the region. The eruption released a massive ash cloud that made the land unsuitable for agriculture, potentially causing the Etruscans to migrate to modern-day Italy. It is a theory that sheds light on the possible reasons behind the Etruscan presence in Italy and offers a potential explanation for their origins.

We are pleased to present our special 7 Churches Tour in Turkey. Our meticulously planned itinerary ensures you have an unforgettable experience exploring the ruins of the ancient city of Sardis, which holds an important place in the hearts of many people. We also pride ourselves on our flexibility by offering private tours to Sardis from various locations such as Kusadası, Selcuk, Sirince and Izmir. We are here to provide you with an extraordinary and personalized experience. Please feel free to contact us to learn more about the rich historical sites, impeccable arrangements and unparalleled service we offer. Our team of experts is eager to help you create the journey of your life.

​Laodicea is home to one of the seven holy churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation of the new testament. Only city in Anatolia with four baths and two theaters. Laodicea also boasted a large ancient stadium (Capacity 25.000 people).

Laodicea is located approximately 100 miles west of Ephesus and was connected to Ephesus with a trade road during the reign of Roman Empire at West, Anatolia. The city was founded in a valley formed by Lycus River. Besides Laodicea there were two more cities stood here: Hierapolis (Pamukkale) and Colossae. These 3 cities were located at the Asia Province of Roman Empire. Laodicea was located 6 miles away from Hierapolis (Pamukkale). The Lycus river was flowing between them. There area where these cities were founded was wealthy and fertile. Also the area became known with wool, textile industry and dying of these garments. Especially Loadicea was known with glossy black sheeps wool. According to some ancient histiorians, the chemicals in the water which the sheeps drank made the wool glossy and shining. Laodicea was located in the junction point of the trade roads which made the city rich. Loadicea became the financial headquaters of the area.

Laodicea was also known with a philosophy and a medical school. The medical school of Laodicea was known with ear and eye medications.

The city had 2 theaters. The small theater had a 8000 people capacity and the big one had 12000 people capacity.

As mentioned in the New Testament Col 4: 16), there is a letter sent to Laodicea by Paul which has never been discovered. Laodicea is mentioned as the lukewarm city in the new testament. There was no source of water where the city was founded. The water is supplied to the city from Hierapolis (Pamukkale). Pamukkale was known with the hot thermal springs, by the time the water reached to Laodciea, it was lukewarm. The church of Laodicea is said to be lukewarm like the water. This was the only congregation in the book of revelation where nothing good about it is said. Laodicea was a rich city in financial terms but a very poor city in faith.

The area had a major Jewish population, the jews came to the area in the 2nd century BC from Babylon. They were sent by Antiochus the Great as paid soldiers. These jews became the early christians and introduced trade to the area. The exact number of Jews who lived in Laodicea during its ancient history is difficult to determine. However, historical evidence suggests that there was a significant Jewish community in the city.  Jews of the city used to pay the Temple Tax whic was an annual tax imposed on Jewish males over the age of 20 to support the upkeep and maintenance of the Temple in Jerusalem. This was a way for the Jewish community to contribute to the Temple's expenses. The annual taxation of Jewish men in Laodicea, which included an estimated 7,500 individuals, provides a strong indication of the size of the Jewish community. This number suggests a total Jewish population of around 20,000 or more, considering women and children. Cicero the famous Roman statesman served as the governor of the area and lived in Laodicea. Cicero, mentioned the wealth and influence of the Jewish community in Laodicea, further supporting the idea of a large Jewish population.

Roman Emperor Hadrian visited Laodicea in 129AD. Hadrian's visit recognized Laodicea's importance and granted it the title of "neokoros," meaning "guardian" of Zeus worship. This elevated Laodicea's status to a level comparable to Ephesus, the guardian of Artemis. Laodicea's strategic location and its role as a banking center for elite Romans further enhanced its economic prosperity during Hadrian's reign.

On of the highlights to be seen in the ancient city of Laodicea, is a 4th century AD church which was ordered by Constantine the Roman Emperor. The church is recently re-erected and opened to the public visits. This church is considered to be one of the earliest church buildings of the world. 

Temple A in Laodicea was a significant Roman temple dedicated to the imperial cult. It was built in the 2nd century AD and underwent renovations during the reign of Emperor Diocletian in the late 3rd or early 4th century. Temple A was dedicated to the worship of Roman emperors, symbolizing the city's loyalty to the empire. ​After the spread of Christianity, Temple A was repurposed as an archive for the Church of Laodicea.

The Trajan Fountain in the Ancient City of Laodicea in Denizli revived recently after 1900 years. The single-storey monumental fountain has a dynamic facade arrangement. The building, designed with a large square in front, has an apseal pool and a gallery facade with columns. On the eastern wing of the façade facing the square, there are rules and duties regarding water laws, water use, and protection of the line. Visitors will witness the 3-meter statue of Trajan and a slave which depicts a Dacian enemy soldier with his hands tied behind isr back. The statue shows that Trajan is cruel to enemies but protective of his friends, and that he is a powerful emperor who protects art. Fountain was built during the reign of as Trajan. During the reign of Trajan, the Roman Empire had its largest borders. The emperor, who lived between 53-117, made Mesopotamia a Roman province during his expeditions to Iran.

Laodicea, is 3 hours drive to Kusadasi. Visit to Laodicea can be combined with a visit to Pamukkale (Hierapolis). We also offer 7 Churches of Revelation Tour Turkey including Laodicea. Contact us today for your personalised quote.

• Private Tours of Pamukkale (Hierapolis) 
• Private Aphrodisias Tours
• 3 Days Tour of the Best Preserved Biblical Sites of West Turkey

Pergamon also known as Pergamum was an ancient city founded by colonists on the Aegean coast of Anatolia at the site of the present-day city of Bergama. ​

According to historical records, the origins of this city date back to B.C. It dates back to the 8th century. However, it is noteworthy that, unlike many cities in Western Anatolia, the first inhabitants of this city were not of Greek origin. Instead, there is a belief among some scholars that the first settlers were actually descendants of Trojans who took refuge after the disastrous Trojan War.

Pergamon was on a tributary of the Bakircay (Caicus River), enclosed by high mountains. Fertile, self-contained and easily defended, it provided the perfect setting for the maintenance of a city state. In the era following the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC), Lysimachus, one of Alexander’s generals, chose Pergamon as the treasury for his vast wealth, placing here 9,000 talents of gold under the guardianship of his lieutenant, Philetaerus. 9000 talents of gold would be worth approximately $18,5 billions USD today. Upon Lysimachus’s death, Philetaerus used this fortune and founded the independent dynasty of the Attalid Kings. Pergamon later became the capital of a flourishing Hellenistic kingdom and one of the principal centers of Hellenistic civilization. Under Kings Attalus I and Eumenes II, Pergamon reached the height of its independent powers. At the same time, however, it began to look to Rome for alliance against the warring Hellenistic rulers. After signalizing himself as a friend of Rome, Attalus I was awarded the Seleucid dominions, making Pergamon a powerful kingdom, comprising of Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Pamphylia and Phrygia. In addition to extending the kingdom, Attalus I adorned his capital with architectural splendors. Attalos defeated the Galatians in 230BC. Eumenes II also brought the city to the climax of its cultural prominence. During the reigns of these two prominent kings, the city so flourished that it could only be compared to Antioch and Alexandria. King Attalus III bequeathed (133 BC) his domains to the Romans, under whom the city retained its position as the preeminent artistic and intellectual center of Anatolia but declined in political and economic importance. In the first years of Roman rule, a civil war was leaded by Aristonikos who claimed to be a non official son of Eumenes II. This civil war took 3 years and ended with his defeat, The city went through the Arab, Byzantine and finally the Turkish period in the 14th century.

Pergamon attained a high culture in the Hellenistic era, boasting an outstanding library that rivaled in importance that of Alexandria, a famous school of sculpture and excellent public buildings and monuments of which the Zeus Altar is the best example. Pergamum had 3 temples: Altar of Zeus, Temple of Athena and Temple of Trajan. In the Roman period, Pergamon played an important role in the early history of Christianity. It was also numbered among the Seven Churches of Revelation. The first Christian bishop of Pergamon, Antipas, was believed to have been martyred here in 92. (Revelation 2:13). Antipas was ordered to sacrifice an animal in the name of pagan gods. Antipas was sentenced to death on the altar of Zeus. (Anti-pas meaning against everything.)

Acropolis: The function of the acropolis in Pergamon was never the same as the function of the acropolis in Athens. In Athens everything was focused on religion, whereas in Pergamon it was on social and cultural activities, or in other words, daily life. As a result of this contrast, major buildings in Pergamon were reserved for public use in daily life. Even in the temples, religion was of secondary importance. Buildings had large areas for the public where they could meet, walk or join in social affairs. Pergamon was the first city to react against functional urbanism of Hippodamus preferring ornamental urbanism. Pergamenes agreed that functionalism was necessary, but that aesthetics were to be given even more consideration. The buildings of the Acropolis were designed to be seen from below and to impress those viewing the city from the valley. Except for the Trajan Temple all the buildings were built in the Hellenistic period during which constructions were made of andesite and very rarely in marble. Heroon, in general, is a shrine dedicated to a deified hero. The Heroon in the Acropolis of Pergamon was the imperial cult or the shrine in which kings of Pergamon, especially Attalus I and Eumenes II, were worshipped. It was a peristyle building made of andesite from the Hellenistic period. 

The Sanctuary of Athena was entered through a propylon which was built by Eumenes II. As written in its inscription, it was dedicated to victory-bringing Athena by King Eumenes. The entrance opens into a courtyard surrounded by three stoas of the Doric order. This also dates from the same period. At the corner near the theater was the Athena Temple in Doric order which was built earlier, in the 3C BC. It was built of andesite and stood on a crepidoma with two steps. 

The Library of Pergamon, built by Eumenes II, was the second of the three famous ancient libraries. It contained 200,000 volumes. A century later Mark Antony gave them to Cleopatra as a wedding present to be added to the collection of the library in Alexandria. The library building was next to the north stoa of the Athena Sanctuary. This was not a coincedance. Athena was known as the protector of science. Most probably, the second floor of the stoa was at the same level with the first floor of the library. It had a large reading hall with many shelves all around, leaving an empty space between walls and shelves for the circulation of air to prevent humidity. Manuscripts were written on parchment then rolled or folded and put on shelves. When the Egyptians prohibited the export of papyrus, the King of Pergamon ordered that a new material be found. The new discovery was "parchment", a fine material from sheep or goat skin, highly polished with pumice stone and slit into sheets. Therefore the name of Pergamon has been perpetuated and seen as synonymous with the word "parchment". They used scrolls which was rolled to a feet long stick. Reader was holding the two ends while reading he was rolling the stick. Codex, todays book shape was also founded in Pergamon. 

The Temple of Trajan was an Imperial temple decorated with Corinthian columns, dating from the 2nd century AD. Dedicated to Trajan, built by his successor Hadrian. Both emperors were worshipped there. The temple was built of marble, probably on the site of a previous Hellenistic building. Before the construction, the area was leveled off by using a successful arched and vaulted substructure. The temple is flanked by stoas on three sides, the one at the back being higher than the others. It was in Corinthian order to have a peripteros plan, with 9 by 6 columns. 

It is said that the Theater in the acropolis of Pergamon is the steepest raked Hellenistic theater in the world. The cavea of the theater which consists of 80 rows of seats is divided into three sections by two diazomas. The capacity was 10,000 people. The construction material is andesite. Because it was originally a Hellenistic theater, there was not a permanent stage building and people sitting on the cavea could see outside and beyond the playing area. In the Hellenistic period, performances were held in a festive atmosphere and took a long time. People spent a lot of time in the theater, usually the minimum of a full day. Therefore, they never wanted to block their view of outside and the stage building, being made of wood, was portable. Square holes at the back of the orchestra were for the portable stage building. The theater was also used during the Roman period with some alterations. 

The finest altar ever built can be accepted as the Zeus Altar at Pergamon, of about 180 BC, which stands in its own precinct but, most unusually, without a temple. The altar, a marble offering-table, stood on an enormous stone platform, which also supported the double colonnade of Ionic columns enclosing it on three sides. On the fourth side it was approached by a fine stairway, nearly 65 ft wide. Much of the structure and almost all of the friezes are now in Berlin. Decorated with vigorous friezes of life-size figures depicting a battle between gods and giants, its contemporary context is probably King Eumenes II’s celebration of his recent victories over the Galatians. If this is so, then the context incorporates within its apparently straightforward mythology the King’s assertion of his own triumphant role as the defender of traditions against barbarianism. At the top of the Great Altar of Zeus, there was a hallow bronze bull, designed for human sacrifice. The victims tied inside the bull, the head of the person was placed at the head part of the bull. Then a huge fire was lighted under the bull. As the fire heated the bronze, the person inside the bull began to roast and start shouting and crying, through the pipes of the bull which seemed to make the bull alive. Most probably Antipas also died like this. (Holokaust: Wholly burnt animal sacrifice.) In early 19 hundreds German engineer Carl Human by the approval of Ottoman Sultan dismantle the altar and took it to Berlin. In 1930s, the Pergamon Museum opened in Berlin which human sacrifies techniques most probably inspired  most bruthal dictator Hitler. Some of the Nazi Buildings at that time were inspired by the Altar of Zeus.  Zeppelin Field in Nuremberg was one of Albert Speer's first works for the Nazi party and was based on the Pergamon Altar. Albert Speer was the chief architect of the Nazi Party and an ally of Adolf Hitler.

An ingenious aqueduct system stretching for 30 miles was implemented to provide water to the Ancient City of Pergamum. These aqueducts carried water through a network of 240,000 clay pipes, providing a reliable water source for the Acropolis. Circular structures, reminiscent of the wells on the Acropolis, were strategically placed so that water levels could be meticulously monitored. These unique structures served as effective tools for measuring water levels, allowing city officials to closely monitor this vital resource.

The Red Court: This building was a 2nd Century AD temple dedicated to Egyptian gods and goddesses especially Serapis (known as Osiris in Egypt) from the time of the Emperor Hadrian. In the Byzantine period it was converted into a basilica. Because of the red bricks used in the construction and its court-like area, it was named the Red Court. The two pools as cold and hot was related to religious rituals. In the cults of Isis and Serapis, water is associated with the Sacred Nile river, meaning abundance. The building was constructed on Selinius river. Serapis has similarities with underworld god Hades (Plouton in Roman Mythology).

Asclepieum was a sanctuary and a healing center built in the name of the god of healing, Asclepius. It was similar to the one in Epidauros in Greece. Although this place was set up in the 4th Century BC, it had its peak in the Roman period.

Asclepius, son of Apollo, the god of healing, was a famous physician. His mother, Coronis, a princess of Thessaly, died when he was an infant. Apollo entrusted the child’s education to Chiron, a centaur, who taught Asclepius the healing arts. Asclepius, when grown, became so skilled in surgery and the use of medicinal plants that he could even restore the dead back to life. Hades, ruler of the dead, became alarmed at this and complained to Zeus, who killed Asclepius with a thunderbolt. Hygiea was the daugther of Asklepion. Hygine word is derived from her name. 

The healing center, Asclepieum, had been something very similar to a modern natural healing clinic. Patients were given exercises, drugs, mud baths, herbal remedies, or could take the honey cure, drink the waters of the spring or be treated by suggestion. They could walk among the trees and be calmed by the scent of pine. Over the gate had been inscribed the words: "In the name of the Gods, Death is forbidden to enter". Terminal patients were not allowed for this ancient healing center. Reputation was so important that they did not want anyone hear that somebody died here. Snakes were sacred to Asclepius because of their power to renew themselves. That is why there was a relief of snakes at the entrance to the sacred area of the medical center symbolizing health. 

Among the famous physicians of the Asclepieum was Galen. Galen was the most outstanding physician of antiquity after Hippocrates. His anatomical studies on animals and observations of how the human body functions dominated medical theory and practice for 1400 years. Galen was born in Pergamon. A shrine to the healing god Asclepius was located in Pergamon and there young Galen observed how the medical techniques of the time were used to treat the ill or wounded. He received his formal medical training in nearby Smyrna and then traveled widely, gaining more medical knowledge. Galen dissected many animals, particularly goats, pigs and monkeys, to demonstrate how different muscles are controlled at different levels of the spinal cord. He also showed that the brain controls the voice. Galen showed that arteries carry blood, disproving the 400 years old belief that arteries carry air. Galen was also highly praised in his time as a philosopher. He closely followed the view of the philosopher Aristotle that nothing in nature is superfluous. Galen’s principal contribution to philosophic thought was the concept that God’s purposes can be understood by examining nature. Galen’s observations in anatomy remained his most enduring contribution. His medical writings were translated by 9th century Arab scholars. Galen used herbal remedies. Today in pharmacy the 'galenical' is derived from his name. Galenical stands for a medicine prepared by extracting one or more active components of a plant.

The Colonnaded Road connected Asclepieum to the city. Originally it was 2,700 ft. Today only a small part of this road is visible. The Propylon was located at the end of the colonnaded road and dates from 2nd Century AD. It had 12 steps and opened into a large courtyard which was surrounded by stoas on three sides. It had beautiful acroteriums one of which can be seen in the Bergama museum. Stoas originally had Ionic capitals but after an earthquake in the 2nd Century AD, some Corinthian capitals were also used. The Library was for both educational and entertainment purposes with many medical books for the physicians and other books for use by the patients. The Theater is a small building in Roman style with a capacity of 3,500 people. It was mainly used for performances to entertain the patients when not receiving treatment. Some claim that the patients were acting as the actors. The first psychological group therapy in the world is practiced in this theater.

The Sacred Fountain provided water believed to have had healing power. Sleeping (incubation) rooms were used to make the patients sleep and analyze their dreams. The Tunnel is a vaulted subterranean passageway. It is 262 ft long. Under the floor ran water which provided relaxing sounds. On the ceiling there are 12 windows to provide sunlight inside the tunnel. The purpose of the tunnel is to make a treatment with the sound of water and provide a cool place for the patients in the hot summer months. Before patients enter to this tunnel, they drank a sedative and slept here in the dormitories while non poisonous snakes crawl among them all night. They were told that the serpent god, Asclepius will talk to them in their dreams and give them a diagnosis. It was believed that the snakes carried the healing power of Asclepius. If a snake wanders on you while you are sleeping, that was a divine sign that the healing power was coming to you. Once patients woke up, they told their dreams to the priests who prescribed their treatments. Finally, the patients made sculptures of the body parts that needed healing and offered them to Asclepius.

The Round Treatment Center was a two-storied building with six apsidal sections. Today only the lower floor remains. The walls and the floor were covered with marble and the roof was made of wood. Water coming through the tunnel, recesses for washing and the sun-terrace show that this room was also used for the treatment of patients. 

The Temple of Asclepius was erected by the Consul of the time in the 2nd Century AD. A famed ancient medical center built in honor of Asklepios, the god of healing. It was also the world's first psychiatric hospital. The main part of the temple was cylindrical and covered by a dome. The floor and the walls were decorated with marble mosaics. There were many statues of gods and deities related to health including those of Asclepius himself. Hygenia and Telesphoros are also depicted here. Hygenia symbolzing health and Telesphoros curement. Telephoros was child god first discovered in Pergamon, later on worshipped in some ancient sites too. This building can be accepted as one of the earliest structures with a dome in Anatolia.

​The Asklepion gained in prominence under the Romans in the 2nd century AD, but a sacred site existed here as early as the 4th century BC. Many of the treatments employed at Pergamon, in complement with a sacred source of water that was later discovered as having radioactive properties, have been used for centuries and are once again finding modern application.Quite unlike modern hospitals, everybody who was anybody was dying to get in to the Asklepion: patients included Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Caracalla. But then again, the Asklepion was more like a modern spa than a hospital: therapy included mud baths, music concerts, and doses of water from the sacred fountain. Galen, the influential physician and philosopher who was born in Pergamon in 129 AD, trained and then later became an attendant to the gladiators here. Access to the Asklepeion is via the Sacred Way, which at 807m (2,690 ft.) long and colonnaded, originally connected the Asklepeion with the Acropolis. The sacred way becomes the stately Via Tecta near the entrance to the site and leads to a courtyard and fallen Propylaeum, or Monumental Gate. Reachable through an underground tunnel is what is traditionally called the Temple of Telesphorus, which served as both the treatment rooms and the sleeping chambers, an indication that sleep was integral in the actual healing process. At various spots in the center of the complex are a total of three pools and fountains, used for bathing, drinking, and various other forms of treatment. The northern colonnade, with 17 columns still in place, leads from the library to the restored theater, set into the slope of the hill. The theater hosts classical plays during the annual Bergama Festival. The semicircular Roman Theatre flanks the colonnaded promenade on the northwest corner of the site. Hours of therapy also probed the meaning of the previous night's dreams, as patients believed dreams recounted a visit by the god Asklepios, who held the key to curing illness. The treatments included psychotherapy, massage, herbal remedies, mud and bathing treatments, the interpretation of dreams, and the drinking of water. 

There was also an amphitheater close by. Amphi means double, meaning double theater. It is among the two amphitheaers of Asia Minor. Amphitheaters were especially constructed for Gladitioral Games. Some days are Arena was filled with water for naval battle plays. Water is supplied from the pond close by.

We are happy to offer you an unforgettable travel experience with our Private Pegamon Tours starting from Izmir, Kusadası, Selcuk and Sirince. We also visit Bergama during our 7 Churches Tour  Turkey. As experts in our field, we ensure that every aspect of your journey is meticulously planned and executed with the highest level of professionalism. Immerse yourself in the ancient wonders of Pegamon, discover its rich history and marvel at its architectural marvels. Our personalized tours cater to your unique preferences, allowing you to explore more deeply the intriguing stories of this ancient city. Please feel free to contact us to learn more and embark on a truly extraordinary adventure. We are here to help you design a custom itinerary that suits your specific interests and needs.

Suggested Pergamon Tour Itinerary:
After meeting with your knowledgeable tour guide, embark on a scenic journey to Bergama, also known as Bergama. The highlight of your visit is undoubtedly the awe-inspiring Acropolis, perched atop a hill. From this viewpoint you will be treated to a fascinating panorama of the surrounding landscape. As you explore the ruins of the Acropolis, be sure to marvel at the once-great library famous for housing a staggering 200,000 volumes. Interestingly, these valuable books and scrolls were gifted to Cleopatra by Marcus Antonius as a wedding gift. Another interesting stop on your itinerary is the Altar of Zeus, intriguingly mentioned in the Book of Revelation as "Throne of Satan". Next, head towards Trajan's Temple, a monumental structure that has been partially restored, offering a glimpse of its former glory. But the wonders of Bergama do not end there; The famous Temple of Asklepios is waiting for you. This sacred site once housed a revitalizing fountain that provided solace to those seeking healing. According to legend, Asclepius granted them visions that revealed the path to healing. Finally, your journey ends when you return to your hotel after a delicious lunch at a local restaurant, touring the picturesque countryside along the way.