- Published on
History of Ancient Miletus and Didyma - Private Miletus Didyma Tours
Miletus, in the archaic period known as the ruler of the Aegean, birthplace of science and philosophy. Owed its importance to its position on trade routes and developed seamanship. According to Homer Miletus was the exceptional Ionian city that fought against the Greeks with the Trojans. Miletus is one of the 12 ionian cities located in Western Turkey. Visited by Saint Paul and mentioned in Acts Chapter 20.
Miletus was located by the river Meandros where English word meandering also originated from. The length of the Meandros River is 550 km. Sourced from Denizli Province and has been silting up the bay where Miletus and Priene cities are located.
First settlement dates back to 1600 BC by Minoans and Mycenaeans. According to the legend, the city was founded by Neleus, son of King Codrus of Athens. The residents were Carians and Cretans who moved here from a city having the same name. Neleus came to settle with his men and killed the resident males, forcing the women to marry the newcomers. After this took place the women swore not to sit at the same table with their husbands and also not to call them by their names and this became a tradition for the next generations. The city is also mentioned in the Hittite inscriptions as Milawanda.
In the 11th century BC Ionians came to Miletus, and by 7th century BC Miletus was at its peak which was to last for more than two centuries. Miletus colonized over 90 cities such as Sinope, Amissos, Trapezos... located at the Black Sea shores of Anatolia.
With other cities of Ionia in 499 BC, Miletus rebelled against the Persians, who had captured, burned it to the ground and enslaved its surviving population. This last battle was that of Lade (Island of Lade) in 494 BC, just outside the harbor of Miletus where the Persian fleet of 600 warships defeated the Ionian force. The role of Miletus was significant in the defeat of the Persians at the Mycale battle in 479 BC. Shortly after the battle, Miletus joined the Delian Confederacy with a contribution larger than that of Ephesus. Miletus joined this alliance with 80 ships while Priene was joined with 12 ships. Upon an agreement between the Persian Satrap and Athens, Miletus and other Ionian cities of Anatolia came under the rule of the Persians again. At the end of the 5the century BC Miletus, was ruled by the Carian satraps. Captured by Alexander the Great after a siege in 334 BC. Miletus were among the cities who fought with Persians against Alexander's Army and defended their land. After being ruled by the Seleucid Dynasty in the following years, Miletus remained an important trade center in Roman times.
In the Hellenistic period, Miletus was one of the largest cities in Anatolia with a population of between 80,000 and 100,000. Highly prosperous, it founded many colonies and was the home of the 6th century BC philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Thales, the town planner Hippodamus and architect Isidorus. Miletus seems to have produced geniuses the way Aphrodisias produced sculptors. Anaximander known as the father of geography by drawing the first map of the world. Thales was the most important among them. He was considered to be one of the 7 geniuses of the Ancient World as well as Bias of Priene and Solon of Athens. In 585 BC by calculating the solar eclipse, he became very famous. He believed that the source of life and living creations is out of water. He also calculated the height of the pyramids. Furthermore, he managed this by checking up with help of the length of a person's shadow. In the day time when a person's shadow was equal to his height, he made the calculations with the Pyramids.
First settlement dates back to 1600 BC by Minoans and Mycenaeans. According to the legend, the city was founded by Neleus, son of King Codrus of Athens. The residents were Carians and Cretans who moved here from a city having the same name. Neleus came to settle with his men and killed the resident males, forcing the women to marry the newcomers. After this took place the women swore not to sit at the same table with their husbands and also not to call them by their names and this became a tradition for the next generations. The city is also mentioned in the Hittite inscriptions as Milawanda.
In the 11th century BC Ionians came to Miletus, and by 7th century BC Miletus was at its peak which was to last for more than two centuries. Miletus colonized over 90 cities such as Sinope, Amissos, Trapezos... located at the Black Sea shores of Anatolia.
With other cities of Ionia in 499 BC, Miletus rebelled against the Persians, who had captured, burned it to the ground and enslaved its surviving population. This last battle was that of Lade (Island of Lade) in 494 BC, just outside the harbor of Miletus where the Persian fleet of 600 warships defeated the Ionian force. The role of Miletus was significant in the defeat of the Persians at the Mycale battle in 479 BC. Shortly after the battle, Miletus joined the Delian Confederacy with a contribution larger than that of Ephesus. Miletus joined this alliance with 80 ships while Priene was joined with 12 ships. Upon an agreement between the Persian Satrap and Athens, Miletus and other Ionian cities of Anatolia came under the rule of the Persians again. At the end of the 5the century BC Miletus, was ruled by the Carian satraps. Captured by Alexander the Great after a siege in 334 BC. Miletus were among the cities who fought with Persians against Alexander's Army and defended their land. After being ruled by the Seleucid Dynasty in the following years, Miletus remained an important trade center in Roman times.
In the Hellenistic period, Miletus was one of the largest cities in Anatolia with a population of between 80,000 and 100,000. Highly prosperous, it founded many colonies and was the home of the 6th century BC philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Thales, the town planner Hippodamus and architect Isidorus. Miletus seems to have produced geniuses the way Aphrodisias produced sculptors. Anaximander known as the father of geography by drawing the first map of the world. Thales was the most important among them. He was considered to be one of the 7 geniuses of the Ancient World as well as Bias of Priene and Solon of Athens. In 585 BC by calculating the solar eclipse, he became very famous. He believed that the source of life and living creations is out of water. He also calculated the height of the pyramids. Furthermore, he managed this by checking up with help of the length of a person's shadow. In the day time when a person's shadow was equal to his height, he made the calculations with the Pyramids.
How far is Miletus from Ephesus?
Miletus is 50 miles away from Ephesus. After the riot took place in the theater of Ephesus. St, Paul was kicked out from the city of Ephesus. He traveled north to Troas, Assos, Mitylene. Chios. Samos, St. Paul stopped in Miletus in 57 AD on his way back to Jerusalem at the end of his third missionary journey. In Miletus Paul sent a message to the leaders of the church in Ephesus to join him in Miletus, and after speaking with them for the last time he bade them an emotional farewell. Paul warned them that he faces persecution and imprisonment when he returns to Jerusalem. Paul boarded his ship in Miletus and sailed off via Cos, Rhodes, Patara to Jerusalem.
The Roman period was followed by Byzantine and Turkish periods. Miletus was a major port city located on a peninsula with four harbors. With the silting of the Meander River the ruins of the ancient city today are a few kilometers away from the sea. The city had a grid plan which was developed by Hippodamus when it was rebuilt in the 3rd century BC after the Persians had sacked it.
The Theater was a small Hellenistic theater with a seating capacity of 5,300, but in the beginning of the 2nd century AD it was modified to a Roman theater and held about 15,000 people. The lower section was built onto a natural hillside, and the upper is supported by vaulted substructures up to a height of 131 ft. The facade facing the harbor was 460 ft long. During the Roman period the stage building had three stories and was 111 ft wide. In front of the stage building it is still possible to see pieces depicting gladiators fighting against wild animals. From the 3rd row till the 6th, carvings show that some seats were reserved for some persons and groups. The 5th row was reserved for the Jews and Theosebes (God-fearers) who are afraid of God and the 3rd row for the Jewelers. The Theosebes were Jewish sympathizing pagans with beliefs and rituals of their own. The Theosebes were one of the key groups that received the attention of St. Paul and his mission.
The Roman period was followed by Byzantine and Turkish periods. Miletus was a major port city located on a peninsula with four harbors. With the silting of the Meander River the ruins of the ancient city today are a few kilometers away from the sea. The city had a grid plan which was developed by Hippodamus when it was rebuilt in the 3rd century BC after the Persians had sacked it.
The Theater was a small Hellenistic theater with a seating capacity of 5,300, but in the beginning of the 2nd century AD it was modified to a Roman theater and held about 15,000 people. The lower section was built onto a natural hillside, and the upper is supported by vaulted substructures up to a height of 131 ft. The facade facing the harbor was 460 ft long. During the Roman period the stage building had three stories and was 111 ft wide. In front of the stage building it is still possible to see pieces depicting gladiators fighting against wild animals. From the 3rd row till the 6th, carvings show that some seats were reserved for some persons and groups. The 5th row was reserved for the Jews and Theosebes (God-fearers) who are afraid of God and the 3rd row for the Jewelers. The Theosebes were Jewish sympathizing pagans with beliefs and rituals of their own. The Theosebes were one of the key groups that received the attention of St. Paul and his mission.
Reserved seat inscription for for the Jews and Theosebes at the Miletus Theater
At the top of the theater hill was a Byzantine fortress which is thought to have been built mostly with the stones of the theater in the 7th century AD but restored later by a Turkish tribe called Mentese Ogullari.
Harbor monuments stood in front of the Lions’ Harbor. There were two of them; different in size but similar in style. The large piece was 25 ft high, mounted on a three-cornered base built on a round foundation with a diameter of 36 ft. The smaller one was only 17.5 ft.
The Delphinium was a Hellenistic open air shrine surrounded by stoas on four sides with a 6th century BC altar in the center. Together with Apollo, the dolphin was sacred for the Milesians as they believed that when the first settlers sailed they were guided by Apollo in the form of a dolphin. The annual festival and celebrations of Didyma were started here. An Ionic Stoa lay parallel to the processional road on the south of the Delphinium. It is a 1st century AD structure which had 35 Ionic columns and 19 shops behind the columns. Delphinios name meaning Dolphin in Greek is also correlated with Delphoi of Greece. According to the legend, Apollo, who needed priests for his temple, saw a Cretan ship at the horizon. He turned himself into a dolphin and led the seamen where the temple was located.
The Bouleterion was a 2nd century BC building which consisted of a pro pylon, a courtyard and an auditorium. The pro pylon had three Corinthian columns and friezes depicting war scenes. It opened into a courtyard with a monumental tomb in the middle. There were four gates that opened into the main hall. The auditorium seated 1,500 people and had a wooden roof.
The Nymphaeum was first built in the 2nd century AD and rebuilt in the following century. It faced the bouleuterion across the processional road and had three stories with statues of gods placed in niches and water spouting from the mouths of bronze fish.
The South Agora lay behind the bouleuterion. It was a Hellenistic structure which was later remodeled in the Roman period. Today the North Gate is unfortunately another of the gems from Anatolia currently housed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. The South Gate was destroyed during the construction of Ilyas Bey mosque.
The Temple of Serapis lay between the south Agora and the Faustina baths. It consisted of a pronaos and a naos with Corinthian columns and a relief of Serapis on the pediment. The temple was a 3rd century BC building which was rebuilt in the 3rd century AD with a donation by Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
The Baths of Faustina were 2nd century AD Roman baths which were built by Faustina, Marcus Aurelius’ wife, daughter of Antonius Pius who usually accompanied her husband on his journeys through the Empire. Faustina was famous for wasting the Roman treasury. The frigidarium had a reclining statue of the river god probably personifying the Meander River. The baths are a complex structure with Gymnasium and Stadium located next to it. Caldarium was heated by hypocaust system underground heating was practiced. Ground was over 2 feet high legs. The hot air was going through which was gathered by boiling water in the furnaces.
The Ilyas Bey Mosque was part of a complex which consisted of a mosque, medrese, cemetery and an imaret. It was built in the early 15th century by Ilyas Bey, the regional Ottoman military commander. The dome of the mosque was made of bricks. At the entrance are three arched partitions separated by two columns. The entrance is through the center arch. The mosque was destroyed in 1955.
The Caravansary is a 15th century building built by the Mentese Principality which had a lower floor for animals and an upper for people.
Harbor monuments stood in front of the Lions’ Harbor. There were two of them; different in size but similar in style. The large piece was 25 ft high, mounted on a three-cornered base built on a round foundation with a diameter of 36 ft. The smaller one was only 17.5 ft.
The Delphinium was a Hellenistic open air shrine surrounded by stoas on four sides with a 6th century BC altar in the center. Together with Apollo, the dolphin was sacred for the Milesians as they believed that when the first settlers sailed they were guided by Apollo in the form of a dolphin. The annual festival and celebrations of Didyma were started here. An Ionic Stoa lay parallel to the processional road on the south of the Delphinium. It is a 1st century AD structure which had 35 Ionic columns and 19 shops behind the columns. Delphinios name meaning Dolphin in Greek is also correlated with Delphoi of Greece. According to the legend, Apollo, who needed priests for his temple, saw a Cretan ship at the horizon. He turned himself into a dolphin and led the seamen where the temple was located.
The Bouleterion was a 2nd century BC building which consisted of a pro pylon, a courtyard and an auditorium. The pro pylon had three Corinthian columns and friezes depicting war scenes. It opened into a courtyard with a monumental tomb in the middle. There were four gates that opened into the main hall. The auditorium seated 1,500 people and had a wooden roof.
The Nymphaeum was first built in the 2nd century AD and rebuilt in the following century. It faced the bouleuterion across the processional road and had three stories with statues of gods placed in niches and water spouting from the mouths of bronze fish.
The South Agora lay behind the bouleuterion. It was a Hellenistic structure which was later remodeled in the Roman period. Today the North Gate is unfortunately another of the gems from Anatolia currently housed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. The South Gate was destroyed during the construction of Ilyas Bey mosque.
The Temple of Serapis lay between the south Agora and the Faustina baths. It consisted of a pronaos and a naos with Corinthian columns and a relief of Serapis on the pediment. The temple was a 3rd century BC building which was rebuilt in the 3rd century AD with a donation by Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
The Baths of Faustina were 2nd century AD Roman baths which were built by Faustina, Marcus Aurelius’ wife, daughter of Antonius Pius who usually accompanied her husband on his journeys through the Empire. Faustina was famous for wasting the Roman treasury. The frigidarium had a reclining statue of the river god probably personifying the Meander River. The baths are a complex structure with Gymnasium and Stadium located next to it. Caldarium was heated by hypocaust system underground heating was practiced. Ground was over 2 feet high legs. The hot air was going through which was gathered by boiling water in the furnaces.
The Ilyas Bey Mosque was part of a complex which consisted of a mosque, medrese, cemetery and an imaret. It was built in the early 15th century by Ilyas Bey, the regional Ottoman military commander. The dome of the mosque was made of bricks. At the entrance are three arched partitions separated by two columns. The entrance is through the center arch. The mosque was destroyed in 1955.
The Caravansary is a 15th century building built by the Mentese Principality which had a lower floor for animals and an upper for people.
The Apollo Temple in Didyma
The word Didyma meant "twins' ' and was associated by some as being the meeting place of Zeus and Leto to have their twins Apollo and Artemis. Didyma was famed as a prophecy center dedicated to Apollo which served a similar purpose as the Delphi of Anatolia. It was not a city but a sanctuary linked to Miletus by Milesians with a 12 miles sacred road. However, this road was constructed at the end of the 1st century AD during the reign of Trajan. Before his reign citizens of Miletus used to sail to Panormos and then walk to the temple. In addition to pilgrimages made by sea, some festivals of drama, music and sports were held there every four years.
Even though it is thought that there was a shrine there before the Ionians came in the 10th century BC, a temple at the same site was built in the 6th century BC. According to the legend, it was founded and ruled many years by a noble family called Brankhidae According to Myth, Branchos was a shephard that Apollo met him in the vicinity of Miletus and Didyma. He is recognized as a lover of the god Apollo. Apollo granted prophetic abilities to Branchos, establishing the foundation for the priestly lineage of the Branchidae at Didyma. The Branchidae, a prominent priest family at Didyma, claimed descent from Branchos.
Later destroyed by the Persians in 494 BC. In the 4the century BC Milesians started to rebuild the temple but could not complete it because of financial difficulties. When Alexander was in Didyma, it is prophesied that Alexander is the son of Zeus and will have a victory in Gaugamela. In the 1st and 4th centuries AD Roman emperors tried but could not complete the construction either. Later in the Byzantine period Theodosius II had a church built in the open air courtyard which was destroyed by an earthquake in the 15C AD.
Jesus' identity whether he is a god or a human was also consulted at Apollon temple. The answer was "he was a human when he was alive''. Among the people who were consulting there were villagers as well as kings and commanders.
The Temple of Apollo at Didyma, with its renowned oracle, attracted many significant figures throughout history. Here are some of the notable individuals associated with visits or involvement:
Even in its unfinished state the Apollo Temple was regarded as one of the largest temples of the Hellenistic world, comparable to the Artemis Temple in Ephesus or the Heraion at Samos. The temple was 360 ft long and 167 ft wide with a height of 78 ft. It is a dípteros in Ionic order, The temple aimed to have 120 columns 108 of them surrounding the building by a double row and 12 in the pronaos. Only 72 of the columns were able to be erected. Each column was 60 freet. Because of its gigantic size, it never had a roof.
As George Bean points out in Aegean Turkey, the Apollo Temple "serves as a reminder that vastness in architecture was not purely a monopoly of the Romans''. It was an unusual temple, not only because of its huge size but also for its antechamber with two Corinthian columns and two tunnels that led into the cellar. The antechamber which was also termed as Cresmographeion probably served as an oracle office where prophecies were written out and delivered to people. In the middle of the temple there is an open air courtyard (adyton) with another Ionic shrine which housed the cult statue of Apollo. There were a few hot springs where the priestess of Didyma immersed her feet or inhaled the water’s vapors for inspiration before prophesying. The huge Medusa relief standing next to the temple is a 2nd century AD piece which has fallen off the frieze. A little further stand the remains of an altar and a well.
Before asking for a prophecy from the priests in the pronaos, people purified themselves with water from the well and gave votive offerings in the altar. They were not allowed to go near the head nun Phytia. Male priests were putting the verbal explanations of Pythia into words. The sacred water and the water steam was the source of prophecy. Priests of Didyma were considered to be the highest rank officers in the city of Miletus. They were elected and had to live in Didyma during their service period.
Next to Apollon temple there was a temple dedicated to Artemis and a stadium. The steps of the temple were used as seats to the stadium. Names for the reserved seats can still be noted.
Even though it is thought that there was a shrine there before the Ionians came in the 10th century BC, a temple at the same site was built in the 6th century BC. According to the legend, it was founded and ruled many years by a noble family called Brankhidae According to Myth, Branchos was a shephard that Apollo met him in the vicinity of Miletus and Didyma. He is recognized as a lover of the god Apollo. Apollo granted prophetic abilities to Branchos, establishing the foundation for the priestly lineage of the Branchidae at Didyma. The Branchidae, a prominent priest family at Didyma, claimed descent from Branchos.
Later destroyed by the Persians in 494 BC. In the 4the century BC Milesians started to rebuild the temple but could not complete it because of financial difficulties. When Alexander was in Didyma, it is prophesied that Alexander is the son of Zeus and will have a victory in Gaugamela. In the 1st and 4th centuries AD Roman emperors tried but could not complete the construction either. Later in the Byzantine period Theodosius II had a church built in the open air courtyard which was destroyed by an earthquake in the 15C AD.
Jesus' identity whether he is a god or a human was also consulted at Apollon temple. The answer was "he was a human when he was alive''. Among the people who were consulting there were villagers as well as kings and commanders.
The Temple of Apollo at Didyma, with its renowned oracle, attracted many significant figures throughout history. Here are some of the notable individuals associated with visits or involvement:
- Alexander the Great: Following his victories over the Persians, Alexander the Great played a significant role in the temple's revival. His association with the temple enhanced its prestige.
- Roman Emperors: Several Roman emperors showed interest in Didyma:
- Commodus: During the reign of Commodus, the Didyma games were renamed the Commodeia in his honor.
- Hadrian: Hadrian visited Miletus and Didyma in 129 AD, and also acted as a Prophet, which was the highest office within the sanctuary.
- Trajan: Inscriptions indicate that Emperor Trajan renewed the Sacred Way connecting Miletus and Didyma.
- Caligula: There are records of Caligula's attempts to continue the building of the temple.
- Julius Caesar: He expanded the area of asylum at Didyma.
- Historical Writers and Explorers: Throughout the centuries, various writers and explorers documented their visits to Didyma, providing valuable historical records:
- Pausanius: A 2nd-century AD Greek traveler and writer who provided descriptions of ancient Greece.
- Herodotus: One of the earliest written sources referencing Didyma.
Even in its unfinished state the Apollo Temple was regarded as one of the largest temples of the Hellenistic world, comparable to the Artemis Temple in Ephesus or the Heraion at Samos. The temple was 360 ft long and 167 ft wide with a height of 78 ft. It is a dípteros in Ionic order, The temple aimed to have 120 columns 108 of them surrounding the building by a double row and 12 in the pronaos. Only 72 of the columns were able to be erected. Each column was 60 freet. Because of its gigantic size, it never had a roof.
As George Bean points out in Aegean Turkey, the Apollo Temple "serves as a reminder that vastness in architecture was not purely a monopoly of the Romans''. It was an unusual temple, not only because of its huge size but also for its antechamber with two Corinthian columns and two tunnels that led into the cellar. The antechamber which was also termed as Cresmographeion probably served as an oracle office where prophecies were written out and delivered to people. In the middle of the temple there is an open air courtyard (adyton) with another Ionic shrine which housed the cult statue of Apollo. There were a few hot springs where the priestess of Didyma immersed her feet or inhaled the water’s vapors for inspiration before prophesying. The huge Medusa relief standing next to the temple is a 2nd century AD piece which has fallen off the frieze. A little further stand the remains of an altar and a well.
Before asking for a prophecy from the priests in the pronaos, people purified themselves with water from the well and gave votive offerings in the altar. They were not allowed to go near the head nun Phytia. Male priests were putting the verbal explanations of Pythia into words. The sacred water and the water steam was the source of prophecy. Priests of Didyma were considered to be the highest rank officers in the city of Miletus. They were elected and had to live in Didyma during their service period.
Next to Apollon temple there was a temple dedicated to Artemis and a stadium. The steps of the temple were used as seats to the stadium. Names for the reserved seats can still be noted.
We offer private tours of Miletus and Didyma. In these private tours, besides Miletus we also stop at Ancient City of Priene or Domatia (Doganbey) Village.
Priene, Miletus, Didyma Tour Itinerary
* Recommended from Kusadasi Cruise Port, Kusadasi and Selcuk Hotels.
Duration: 8 hours
Embark on a captivating full-day journey through ancient history with a meticulously planned tour to the remarkable sites of Priene, Miletus, and Didyma. As you meet your guide, prepare to immerse yourself in the splendor of these archaeological gems. The city of Priene, once situated by the sea, now stands 16km away due to the shifting Meander River. Designed with a Hippodamian grid plan, Priene showcases stunning examples of Hellenistic art and architecture at the foot of Mount Mycale. Moving on to Miletus, an influential city on trade routes, you'll explore its rich history that nurtured renowned philosophers and architects. Complete your tour with a visit to Didyma. A prophecy center devoted to Apollo, Didyma's allure lies in its sacred connection to Miletus by a 12-mile road.
* This tailored experience is ideal for seasoned travelers who seek a deeper understanding of the ancient wonders beyond Ephesus, promising a day of awe-inspiring exploration and cultural enrichment.
For more information, please contact us.
Duration: 8 hours
Embark on a captivating full-day journey through ancient history with a meticulously planned tour to the remarkable sites of Priene, Miletus, and Didyma. As you meet your guide, prepare to immerse yourself in the splendor of these archaeological gems. The city of Priene, once situated by the sea, now stands 16km away due to the shifting Meander River. Designed with a Hippodamian grid plan, Priene showcases stunning examples of Hellenistic art and architecture at the foot of Mount Mycale. Moving on to Miletus, an influential city on trade routes, you'll explore its rich history that nurtured renowned philosophers and architects. Complete your tour with a visit to Didyma. A prophecy center devoted to Apollo, Didyma's allure lies in its sacred connection to Miletus by a 12-mile road.
* This tailored experience is ideal for seasoned travelers who seek a deeper understanding of the ancient wonders beyond Ephesus, promising a day of awe-inspiring exploration and cultural enrichment.
For more information, please contact us.
- Published on
The Library of Celsus is one of the most iconic structures in ancient Ephesus, located in present-day Turkey. This impressive building served as a library and a mausoleum and is a testament to the rich history and architectural achievements of the ancient world.
Celsus Library in Ephesus
The History of the Library of Celsus
The Library of Celsus was built in the 2nd century AD by the Romans in honor of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who was the governor of the province of Asia. The library was constructed to store over 12,000 scrolls and serve as a center of knowledge and culture in the city of Ephesus. The façade of the library is intricately decorated with statues and reliefs, showcasing the wealth and sophistication of the Roman Empire.
Construction and Architecture
The Library of Celsus is a prime example of Roman architectural ingenuity. The two-story building features a Corinthian and composite style façade with columns supporting a triangular pediment.
The four female figures on the facade of the Library of Celsus in Ephesus represent virtues associated with Celsus Polemaeanus, the man for whom the library was built as a memorial and tomb.
From left to right, the statues represent:
The interior of the library housed reading rooms and galleries where scholars could study and exchange ideas.
The Library of Celsus was completed around 135 AD during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. The construction of the library took several years, and it was officially dedicated to Celsus by his son Gaius Julius Aquila. The library served as a cultural and educational hub until it was destroyed by a devastating earthquake in the 3rd century AD.
The four female figures on the facade of the Library of Celsus in Ephesus represent virtues associated with Celsus Polemaeanus, the man for whom the library was built as a memorial and tomb.
From left to right, the statues represent:
- Sophia (Σοφία): Wisdom
- Arete (Ἀρετή): Valor
- Ennoia (Ἔννοια): Intelligence
- Episteme (Ἐπιστήμη): Knowledge
The interior of the library housed reading rooms and galleries where scholars could study and exchange ideas.
The Library of Celsus was completed around 135 AD during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. The construction of the library took several years, and it was officially dedicated to Celsus by his son Gaius Julius Aquila. The library served as a cultural and educational hub until it was destroyed by a devastating earthquake in the 3rd century AD.
Legacy and Restoration
Despite its destruction, the Library of Celsus remains a symbol of the intellectual achievements of the ancient world. In the 1970s, the façade of the library was carefully reconstructed using the original pieces that had been scattered in the vicinity. Today, the Library of Celsus stands as a popular tourist attraction and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracting visitors from around the world to marvel at its beauty and historical significance.
The Library of Celsus is a remarkable testament to the intellectual and architectural prowess of the ancient Romans. Built in the 2nd century AD in honor of the Roman Senator Celsus, the library served as a beacon of knowledge and culture in ancient Ephesus. Although it was eventually destroyed, the Library of Celsus has been meticulously restored and continues to fascinate visitors with its grandeur and historical importance.
The Library of Celsus is a remarkable testament to the intellectual and architectural prowess of the ancient Romans. Built in the 2nd century AD in honor of the Roman Senator Celsus, the library served as a beacon of knowledge and culture in ancient Ephesus. Although it was eventually destroyed, the Library of Celsus has been meticulously restored and continues to fascinate visitors with its grandeur and historical importance.
Discover the history of the iconic Library of Celsus in Ephesus on guided tour with us and learn when this ancient marvel was built. Explore its architectural beauty and cultural significance.
For more information, please contact us.
For more information, please contact us.
- Published on
How long did the Virgin Mary live?
Many people wonder just how long Mary, the mother of Jesus lived and what her impact was on history. Explore the life of Mary, including where she lived, her legacy, and how long she lived.
Where Did Mary Live?
Mary, also known as the Virgin Mary, is a central figure in Christianity. According to the Bible, she was the mother of Jesus Christ, the son of God. Mary played a crucial role in the birth and early life of Jesus, and she is revered by Christians around the world. Mary is believed to have lived in Nazareth, a town in the northern part of Israel. After the birth of Jesus, Mary and Joseph fled to Egypt to escape King Herod's decree to kill all male infants in Bethlehem. It is also believed that Mary later lived in Ephesus, a city in modern-day Turkey.
House of Virgin Mary in Ephesus
The historical belief that Virgin Mary spent her final years on a mountain near Ephesus has granted the House of Virgin Mary significant reverence among devout Christians today. Recognized as a sacred site, pilgrims from all over the world journey to this place, seeking solace and connection with their faith. The House of Virgin Mary stands as a symbol of spiritual devotion and historical significance, encapsulating a sense of sanctity for those who visit, honoring the legacy and spirituality surrounding the revered figure of Virgin Mary.
Mary's Legacy
Mary's legacy is significant in Christianity and beyond. She is revered as a symbol of purity, humility, and faith. Many Christians pray to Mary for intercession and guidance, believing that she can help them in times of need. Mary's importance in the Catholic Church is particularly pronounced, with numerous feasts and celebrations dedicated to her throughout the year.
How long did Mary Live?
The Bible does not provide specific details about the life span of Mary. However, according to tradition, Mary lived to be around 50 years old. Some accounts suggest that she may have lived longer, possibly up to 60 or even 70 years. Regardless of the exact age, Mary's influence and impact on Christianity are timeless.
House of Virgin Mary in Ephesus
Mary, the mother of Jesus, is a revered figure in Christianity with a lasting legacy. While the exact length of her life remains a matter of speculation, her importance in the Christian faith is undeniable. The historical belief surrounding the final years of Virgin Mary on a mountain near Ephesus has elevated the House of Virgin Mary to a position of great reverence among devout Christians today. This sacred site attracts pilgrims from around the globe who seek solace and a deeper connection with their faith. As a symbol of spiritual devotion and historical importance, the House of Virgin Mary embodies sanctity for visitors, paying tribute to the legacy and spirituality associated with the revered figure of Virgin Mary in Ephesus.
We cordially invite you to partake in an unforgettable tour of the House of Virgin Mary and Ephesus, where you can embrace the essence of this hallowed place.
For more information, please contact us
For more information, please contact us
- Published on
Have you ever wondered where the final resting place of St. John the Apostle is?
Many people believe that he was buried in two different locations - Ephesus and Patmos.
Let's dive into the history behind these two sites and explore the fascinating story of St. John's burial.
Many people believe that he was buried in two different locations - Ephesus and Patmos.
Let's dive into the history behind these two sites and explore the fascinating story of St. John's burial.
St. John the Apostle in Ephesus
According to ancient Christian tradition, St. John spent the later years of his life in Ephesus, a prominent city in the Roman Empire. It is believed that he lived in Ephesus with the Virgin Mary and wrote his Gospel there. The Basilica of St. John was built in Ephesus in the 6th century to honor his memory and was believed to be the site of his burial. However, over the centuries, the exact location of his grave within the basilica has been a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists.
Tomb of St. John at Basilica of St. John in Ephesus
St. John in Patmos
Another theory about the final resting place of St. John revolves around the island of Patmos. St. John is said to have been exiled to Patmos by the Roman authorities, where he received the visions described in the Book of Revelation. Some believe that he was buried on the island, and a small chapel dedicated to him stands as a testament to his presence on Patmos. The cave where St. John is believed to have received his visions is also a popular pilgrimage site for Christians.
The Mystery Continues
Despite the various theories and traditions surrounding St. John's burial place, the exact location remains shrouded in mystery. Both Ephesus and Patmos hold strong historical significance in relation to the apostle, and pilgrims from around the world visit these sites to pay their respects and seek spiritual enlightenment.
So, where is St. John the Apostle buried?
The truth is, we may never know for certain. The enduring legacy of St. John lives on in the hearts and minds of believers, regardless of the physical location of his grave. Whether in Ephesus or Patmos, his spirit continues to inspire and guide those who seek his wisdom and guidance.
The question of St. John's burial place is one that may never have a definitive answer. The mystery and intrigue surrounding this ancient apostle only serve to deepen the reverence and admiration that people have for him. Wherever St. John may be buried, his legacy lives on in the hearts of millions around the world.
The question of St. John's burial place is one that may never have a definitive answer. The mystery and intrigue surrounding this ancient apostle only serve to deepen the reverence and admiration that people have for him. Wherever St. John may be buried, his legacy lives on in the hearts of millions around the world.
Where are the remains of Saint John?
The remains of Saint John the Apostle used to be housed in the Basilica of Saint John in Selcuk, near Izmir. Ephesus is considered to be the final resting place of Saint John, where a simple tomb marks the location where he is believed to have been buried. The Basilica of Saint John is a grand structure built in the 6th century to honor the saint and is thought to house some of his relics. Pilgrims from all over the world visit these sites to pay their respects and seek spiritual solace. While the location of the tomb is marked and venerated, the relics or remains of Saint John are no longer there. His tomb was found empty, leading to the belief that his body was assumed into heaven, similar to the Virgin Mary. The exact whereabouts of Saint John's remains may be a matter of belief and faith rather than historical fact, but the reverence and devotion surrounding his legacy continue to endure.
We are delighted to invite you to join us for an exclusive private tour of Ephesus, where you will have the unique opportunity to visit the revered Tomb of St. John. Our tour is meticulously crafted to provide you with a deeper understanding of the historical and spiritual significance of this sacred site. Led by our expert Ephesus tour guides, you can expect a seamless and enriching experience as you explore the ancient ruins and immerse yourself in the profound history of Ephesus. This tour promises to be a truly unforgettable journey of discovery, offering you a glimpse into the past that will leave you with lasting memories. For more information, please contact us.
- Published on
The Ephesus Christ Inscription is offering insights into early Christian beliefs and practices in the ancient city of Ephesus.
It is a fascinating discovery that an inscription in Ephesus holds the name of Christ written on it. This significant archaeological finding sheds light on the influence and presence of Christianity in ancient Ephesus. The inscription serves as a tangible link to a pivotal moment in history, showcasing the spread of the Christian faith in the region. Scholars and historians continue to unravel the significance of this inscription, providing valuable insights into the cultural and religious landscape of Ephesus during that era. The discovery of the name of Christ on the inscription adds another layer of complexity to our understanding of the historical context of Ephesus and its connection to early Christianity.
Ephesus Christ Inscription
The highlighted part of the inscription, which is in ancient Greek, reads XPICTOY.
This is a common abbreviation or form of "Christos" (Χριστός), which means "Christ" or "Anointed One."
This is a common abbreviation or form of "Christos" (Χριστός), which means "Christ" or "Anointed One."
The inscription positioned opposite the library of Celsus, directly facing the library, highlights a significant historical shift during the 5th century. It documents the actions of a Christian named Demeas who proudly states his deed of replacing the statue of Artemis with a cross at the entrance of Hadrian's Gate. This deliberate act indicated a symbolic transformation of the gate into a Christian memorial. Additionally, a cross was skillfully carved on the arch, further solidifying the site's conversion into a Christian monument. This inscription serves as a powerful testament to the evolving religious landscape during that period, reflecting the pride and influence of early Christians in asserting their faith through visible displays and symbolic gestures.
To delve deeper into the rich biblical history of Ephesus, booking a private tour with a knowledgeable expert tour guide is a wise choice. By opting for a guided tour, you will have the opportunity to explore the ancient city of Ephesus with a professional who can provide valuable insights and historical context to enhance your experience. With a skilled guide leading the way, you can gain a deeper understanding of the significance and stories behind the archaeological ruins, religious sites, and cultural landmarks scattered throughout Ephesus. This personalized approach allows for a more immersive and educational journey through Ephesus, offering a truly enriching experience for those seeking to uncover the captivating biblical history of this renowned ancient city. For more information, contact us.
- Published on
How do I get from Kusadasi cruise port to Ephesus?
Are you planning on visiting the stunning ancient city of Ephesus during your cruise stop at Kusadasi? If so, you're in for a treat! Ephesus is one of the best-preserved ancient cities in the world, boasting incredible historical sites such as the Temple of Artemis, the Basilica of St. John, and the Library of Celsus. To make the most of your visit, it's essential to know how to get from the Kusadasi cruise port to Ephesus efficiently and safely.
Kusadasi Cruise Port to Ephesus
Licensed Tour Guide
One of the best ways to explore Ephesus is by hiring a licensed tour guide. These knowledgeable professionals can provide you with in-depth information about the history and significance of each site you visit. They can also help you navigate the sometimes crowded and confusing streets of Ephesus, ensuring that you don't miss any important landmarks. Additionally, having a licensed tour guide will allow you to skip the long lines at popular attractions, saving you time and hassle.
Drive from Kusadasi Cruise Port to Selcuik
If you prefer to explore Ephesus independently, you can take a short drive from the Kusadasi cruise port to the nearby town of Selcuk. From there, you can easily catch a local minibus or taxi to Ephesus. Selcuk is a charming town with its own set of attractions, including the Isa Bey Mosque and the Ephesus Museum. It's also a great place to grab a bite to eat or shop for souvenirs before or after your visit to Ephesus.
Once you arrive at Ephesus, be sure to visit the Basilica of St. John. This ancient church was constructed in the 6th century AD and is believed to be the burial site of the apostle John. The basilica is an impressive example of Byzantine architecture, with grand arches, columns, and intricate mosaics. Take a moment to soak in the history and spirituality of this sacred place.
Another must-see attraction in Ephesus is the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Although only a few columns remain standing today, the grandeur and scale of the temple are still awe-inspiring. Imagine what it must have been like to worship the Greek goddess Artemis in this magnificent sanctuary thousands of years ago.
Of course, the main highlight of your visit to Ephesus will be exploring the ancient city itself. Walk along the marble-paved streets, marvel at the well-preserved ruins of the Library of Celsus, and imagine what life was like for the ancient Greeks and Romans who once inhabited this bustling metropolis. Be sure to wear comfortable shoes, as you'll be doing a lot of walking on uneven terrain
What to do near Kusadasi cruise port?
Kusadasi is a renowned touristic port flaunting numerous shops catering to tourists, offering an array of knock-off items. Embarking on a leisurely stroll to the pigeon island and exploring the quaint small castle proves to be a worthwhile experience, adding charm to your visit. Additionally, a visit to the Caravanserai is highly recommended and conveniently located within walking distance from the Kusadasi Cruise Port. When visiting Kusadasi for the first time, Ephesus stands out as a must-see destination that should not be overlooked. The historical significance and architectural wonders of Ephesus make it an essential stop for any traveler in the region. Missing out on Ephesus would leave a void in your experience, as it is a site that truly captures the essence of the past and unveils stories dating back centuries. Regret would undoubtedly shadow your journey if this remarkable site is left unexplored. Therefore, ensure that Ephesus is a prominent highlight on your itinerary to make your visit to Kusadasi truly unforgettable.
How far is Kusadasi Castle from Cruise Port?
Located just a brief 10-minute walk from Kusadasi Cruise Port, Kusadasi Castle stands as an enriching destination for history enthusiasts and maritime aficionados alike. With an admission fee of 8 euros per person, visitors can explore the castle's historical significance and delve into the maritime heritage showcased within the small museum located on the premises. Moreover, guests have the opportunity to relax and enjoy refreshing drinks at the castle's cafeteria, conveniently situated at the entrance. This spot not only provides a delightful break but also offers a picturesque view for capturing memorable shots of the Aegean Sea and your cruise ship, adding a touch of charm to your travel experience.
Getting from the Kusadasi cruise port to Ephesus is a straightforward and rewarding experience. Whether you choose to hire a licensed tour guide or explore independently, you're sure to be amazed by the rich history and fascinating archaeology of this ancient city.
So grab your camera, put on your walking shoes, and get ready for a journey back in time at Ephesus!
So grab your camera, put on your walking shoes, and get ready for a journey back in time at Ephesus!
- Published on
How do I get from Kusadasi port to Ephesus?
Various transportation options available and help you make the best choice for your trip.
When it comes to reaching Ephesus from Kusadası cruise port, you have several convenient options.
When it comes to reaching Ephesus from Kusadası cruise port, you have several convenient options.
How do I get from Kusadasi cruise port to Ephesus
Taxi from Kusadası cruise port to Ephesus
Take a taxi from Kusadası cruise port to Ephesus. Taxis are easily found outside the port and the journey takes around 20 minutes. To ensure a fair price, it is recommended that you negotiate the fare with the taxi driver before starting the journey.
Public Bus from Kusadasi to Ephesus
There are shared minibuses called Dolmus between Kusadası town center and Selçuk town. All you have to do is take one of the Dolmus at Kusadası Town Center to Selcuk Minibus Station. The Dolmus station is located at Candan Tarhan Boulevard which is 20 minutes walking distance from Kusadasi Cruise Port. The journey, which will take approximately 50 minutes. From Selcuk Minibus Station you can take another Dolmus to go to Ephesus ancient city. The whole journey may take upto 1.5 hours. If you have limited time we do not recommend this option.
When it comes to maximizing your limited time, an Ephesus private tour, a professional approach can make all the difference. By carefully planning your itinerary and selecting a knowledgeable guide, you can ensure a seamless experience that covers all the must-see highlights. Begin by prioritizing the key attractions and historical landmarks you want to explore, such as the Library of Celsus or the ancient theater. A professional guide can offer valuable insights and storytelling, allowing you to fully immerse yourself in the rich history and mythological tales of Ephesus. Additionally, consider opting for skip-the-line tickets to save precious time and avoid long queues. Remember, effective time management and proper organization are crucial to making the most of your limited time in Ephesus. With a professional tone, you can approach your experience with confidence, ensuring an enriching and efficient journey through this captivating ancient city.
You can choose the one that best suits your needs and preferences. Whether you prioritize comfort, budget or convenience, there's an option for everyone.
Exploring Ephesus
Ephesus is an ancient city located near Kusadası, famous for its rich history and archaeological importance. When you arrive in Ephesus, you will encounter the fascinating ruins of the once magnificent city. Here are some of the must-see places in Ephesus:
Make sure you leave enough time to fully explore the site and enjoy the historical atmosphere. Since Ephesus can be quite hot in the summer months, it is recommended that you bring comfortable walking shoes, sunscreen and a hat.
Enjoy your visit to Ephesus and create unforgettable memories!
You can choose the one that best suits your needs and preferences. Whether you prioritize comfort, budget or convenience, there's an option for everyone.
Exploring Ephesus
Ephesus is an ancient city located near Kusadası, famous for its rich history and archaeological importance. When you arrive in Ephesus, you will encounter the fascinating ruins of the once magnificent city. Here are some of the must-see places in Ephesus:
- Library of Celsus: An iconic Roman building that is the symbol of Ephesus.
- Grand Theatre: A large amphitheater that once hosted theatrical performances and concerts.
- Terrace Houses: Discover the luxurious lifestyles of the wealthy inhabitants of Ancient Ephesus.
- Temple of Artemis: One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Make sure you leave enough time to fully explore the site and enjoy the historical atmosphere. Since Ephesus can be quite hot in the summer months, it is recommended that you bring comfortable walking shoes, sunscreen and a hat.
Enjoy your visit to Ephesus and create unforgettable memories!
- Published on
Did Alexander the Great conquer Ephesus?
In 334 BC, Alexander the Great made a significant mark in history by conquering the city of Ephesus from the Persians. This conquest showcased not only his military prowess but also his strategic brilliance. By capturing Ephesus, Alexander solidified his presence in Asia Minor and further expanded his empire's reach. This achievement laid the foundation for his subsequent conquests and reinforced his reputation as one of the most legendary military leaders of all time. The successful capture of Ephesus demonstrated Alexander's determination and ambitious vision for expanding his empire, establishing a pivotal moment in his remarkable conquests.
Alexander the Great in Ephesus
To understand whether Alexander the Great visited Ephesus, we must first delve into the historical context of his conquests. Alexander was known for his vast empire that stretched from Greece to Egypt and India, encompassing numerous cities and regions along the way. Ephesus, located in modern-day Turkey, was an important city in ancient times known for its Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Alexander passed through the region of Ephesus during his campaigns in Asia Minor. Alexander the Great's presence in Ephesus is a notable part of the city's rich history. Here's a breakdown of key points. In 334 BC, Alexander the Great defeated the Persians at the Battle of Granicus, which led to the liberation of the Greek cities in Asia Minor, including Ephesus. He was welcomed warmly by the Ephesians. He removed the pro-Persian oligarchy and established a democratic government.
Alexander passed through the region of Ephesus during his campaigns in Asia Minor. Alexander the Great's presence in Ephesus is a notable part of the city's rich history. Here's a breakdown of key points. In 334 BC, Alexander the Great defeated the Persians at the Battle of Granicus, which led to the liberation of the Greek cities in Asia Minor, including Ephesus. He was welcomed warmly by the Ephesians. He removed the pro-Persian oligarchy and established a democratic government.
The connection between the fire at the Temple of Artemis and Alexander the Great revolves around a very specific and somewhat legendary coincidence, The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was burned down in 356 BC. This act of arson was committed by a man named Herostratus, who, according to historical accounts, desired to achieve fame by destroying the magnificent temple. Historical records indicate that Alexander the Great was also born in 356 BC. Specifically, it's said that his birth occurred on the very same night that the temple was burned. This coincidence led to the legend that Artemis, the goddess of the temple, was so preoccupied with the birth of Alexander that she was unable to protect her own temple from the fire. Years later, when Alexander the Great arrived in Ephesus, the temple was in a state of rebuilding. He offered to finance the reconstruction, but the Ephesians declined, choosing to rebuild it themselves. During his time in Ephesus, the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was under reconstruction.
Temple of Athena in Priene
Temple of Athena in Priene
After concluding his visit to Ephesus, Alexander journeyed south to Priene, one of the revered 12 Ionian cities. His reception in Priene was exceptionally warm, and he developed a keen affinity for its inhabitants. Impressed by the gracious treatment he received, Alexander extended a generous offer to finance the construction of the Temple of Athena in Priene. This gesture was reflected his admiration for the people of Priene. A dedicatory inscription by Alexander was found at the temple, which is now housed in the British Museum. This inscription serves as tangible evidence of his involvement. It is said that Alexander the great also lived in a house in Priene.
Lysimachus
Alexander's presence marked a significant shift in the city's control, moving it away from Persian influence. After Alexander's death, Ephesus came under the rule of one of his generals, Lysimachus, who significantly moved the city to another location and reshaped the city. Lysimachus was indeed a significant figure in the aftermath of Alexander the Great's death, and his influence extended to Ephesus. Lysimachus was one of Alexander's generals, known as the Diadochi (the "successors"), who fought for control of Alexander's vast empire after his death in 323 BC. He initially gained control of Thrace and then expanded his territories to include significant portions of Asia Minor, which included Ephesus. Lysimachus played a role in the reshaping of Ephesus during the Hellenistic period. It is known that he undertook actions that caused populations of other cities to move to Ephesus, thus increasing the population of Ephesus. His rule contributed to the development of Ephesus during the Hellenistic era. Lysimachus was a powerful ruler who, as one of Alexander's successors, brought Ephesus under his control and influenced its development during a pivotal period in its history.
If you are intrigued by the legendary figure of Alexander the Great and wish to delve deeper into his fascinating history, consider embarking on a private tour guided by our expert tour guides who are well-versed in his life and conquests. Stepping in the footsteps of Alexander can provide you with an immersive and enlightening experience that brings ancient history to life. To learn more about the tour options and booking details, feel free to reach out to us at your convenience. We are here to assist you in planning a memorable and educational journey into the world of Alexander the Great.
Private Ephesus Tours - Private Priene Tours
Private Ephesus Tours - Private Priene Tours
- Published on
Caduceus in Ephesus
In the ancient city of Ephesus, close to Domitian Avenue, there is a pillar. According to some historians this is the symbol of caduceus and according to some Rod of Asclepius (God of Healing)
The caduceus is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology. Hermes is known as Mercury in Roman mythlogy. In Roman iconography Mercury (Hermes), the messenger god is often depicted having a staff on his left hand. Hermes is also known as the guide of the dead and protector of merchants, shepherds, gamblers, liars, and thieves.
According to some Archaeologists, in the Roman times caduceus can also be used as the symbol of commerce and negotiation, The caduceus is often used incorrectly as a symbol of medicine for hospitals. due to the confusion with the traditional medical symbol which the rod of Asclepius, Although this has only one snake and is never depicted with wings.
The Caduceus symbol in Ephesus still keeps its mystery inside. Pergamum, located approx. 100 miles north of Ephesus was the city known with its Asclepion (Anecient healing center, temple dedicated to Asclepius). It is tought by the historians, Pergamum had one of the largest ancient hospitals where Dr. Galen served. Galen was the most famous doctor in the ancient Roman Empire and personal physician of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, worked in the Asclepium of Pergamum for many years
The caduceus is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology. Hermes is known as Mercury in Roman mythlogy. In Roman iconography Mercury (Hermes), the messenger god is often depicted having a staff on his left hand. Hermes is also known as the guide of the dead and protector of merchants, shepherds, gamblers, liars, and thieves.
According to some Archaeologists, in the Roman times caduceus can also be used as the symbol of commerce and negotiation, The caduceus is often used incorrectly as a symbol of medicine for hospitals. due to the confusion with the traditional medical symbol which the rod of Asclepius, Although this has only one snake and is never depicted with wings.
The Caduceus symbol in Ephesus still keeps its mystery inside. Pergamum, located approx. 100 miles north of Ephesus was the city known with its Asclepion (Anecient healing center, temple dedicated to Asclepius). It is tought by the historians, Pergamum had one of the largest ancient hospitals where Dr. Galen served. Galen was the most famous doctor in the ancient Roman Empire and personal physician of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, worked in the Asclepium of Pergamum for many years
Caduceus symbol in Ephesus
Caduceus symbol
Depiction of Hermes having a staff on his left hand in Ephesus
Rod of Asclepius
Symbol of Medicine in Pergamum
We offer private tours of Ephesus and Pergamon. For more information, please contact us.
- Published on
History of Ancient Smyrna
Smyrna, the ancient name of Izmir, holds a significant place in the history of modern Turkey. Situated 600km to the south of Istanbul, the country's largest city, Smyrna's origins can be traced back to the era of legendary Amazonian warrior women, much like other cities along the Aegean coastline. This fascinating heritage is a testament to the rich cultural tapestry of Turkey and the influence of powerful female figures throughout history. Today, Izmir stands as the third largest city in the country, offering a vibrant mix of tradition and modernity. With its awe-inspiring historical sites, bustling markets, and stunning coastal views, Smyrna, now known as Izmir, continues to captivate visitors and locals alike.
Remains of Ancient Smyrna, the basement of the Agora.
According to some historians, the legendary city was believed to have been founded by the Phrygian King Tantalos and his family. One prominent figure in this fascinating tale was Tantalos' daughter, Niobe, who was said to have had the impressive number of seven sons and seven daughters. However, Niobe's abundance of children seemed to bring her great trouble. Leto, who could only boast of having two children, became envious and embarrassed by Niobe's impressive brood. In a tragic turn of events, the twins of Leto, Artemis and Apollo took action by brutally murdering all fourteen of Niobe's children. Overwhelmed with grief, Niobe sought solace on Mount Sipylus, where she too was turned to stone.
Tantalus was a person who was very popular among the gods and won the admiration of the gods. But one day he decided to test their strength by inviting them to a lavish banquet. In a shocking display, Tantalus cooked and served his own son Pelops to the holy guests. Understandably horrified by this terrible act, the gods refrained from participating in the meal, except for Demeter, who was still grieving the loss of her daughter Persephone and succumbed to her grief by eating a portion. The gods quickly administered justice and severely punished Tantalus by banishing him to the depths of Hades. His punishment was torture like no other; Suffering from unbearable thirst, Tantalus found himself stranded in the middle of a lake. Just as he tried to drink water, the water drained and he was left empty-handed. Fortunately, Pelops was resurrected by the gods and continued to carve out an important path for himself in history. He launched a successful attack on the city of Spylos and eventually founded the famous Peloponnesian region.
The first settlement of the region is today in Bayraklı. It dates back to 5000 years ago. Legends say that the first settlement of this place was made by powerful Amazons from Northern Anatolia. Amazon Queen Smyrna not only laid the foundations of her presence in these lands, but also gave her name to the region.
Smyrna became an Aiolian settlement during the 10th century BC migrations from Greece. Later it became an Ionian city. The Ionian refugees took the control while the Ailoian inhabitants were away for celebrations of a feast. Aiolians of Smyrna were welcomed by other Aiolian cities. The city was attacked and ruined by Alyattes of Lydia and was under the Lydian rule till the Persians came to the area in 546 BC. In 334 BC Alexander defeated the Persians in the Battle of Granikos near today's Canakkale. Alexander stayed in the city for a few days. While he was hunting in Mt. Pagos, he fell a sleep and in his dream, saw 2 goddesses saying him to move the city to where he is now. Like before the founders of the all ancient cities, inhabitants consulted to an Apollo Temple. They went to Claros for approval. According to Strabon the new city was built by Antigonos and Lysimachos following him. Lysimachos named the city of his daughter "Eurydike". However, this name did not last long. Strabon also mentioned that Smyrna was the most beautiful among the cities. Homer, the author of the earliest and finest epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey lived in Smyrna in the 8th century BC. He made his living as a court singer and storyteller.. According to Strabon there was a temple constructed after the death of Homeros, named as "Homerion".
Today from the remains of Ancient Smyrna, travelers can only see the remains of the Roman Agora. Agora was built after the earthquake in 178AD by the Roman Emperror Marcus Aerelius and was dedicated to his wife Faustina. It was one of the largest agoras of the Roman World. Romans named Agora as Forum. The basement of the Agora is quite impressive. The basement was used as shops and their storages. There is also a cistern which was able to provide water for 7.000 people. Grafittis in Ancient Greek can be seen by the travelers.
Tantalus was a person who was very popular among the gods and won the admiration of the gods. But one day he decided to test their strength by inviting them to a lavish banquet. In a shocking display, Tantalus cooked and served his own son Pelops to the holy guests. Understandably horrified by this terrible act, the gods refrained from participating in the meal, except for Demeter, who was still grieving the loss of her daughter Persephone and succumbed to her grief by eating a portion. The gods quickly administered justice and severely punished Tantalus by banishing him to the depths of Hades. His punishment was torture like no other; Suffering from unbearable thirst, Tantalus found himself stranded in the middle of a lake. Just as he tried to drink water, the water drained and he was left empty-handed. Fortunately, Pelops was resurrected by the gods and continued to carve out an important path for himself in history. He launched a successful attack on the city of Spylos and eventually founded the famous Peloponnesian region.
The first settlement of the region is today in Bayraklı. It dates back to 5000 years ago. Legends say that the first settlement of this place was made by powerful Amazons from Northern Anatolia. Amazon Queen Smyrna not only laid the foundations of her presence in these lands, but also gave her name to the region.
Smyrna became an Aiolian settlement during the 10th century BC migrations from Greece. Later it became an Ionian city. The Ionian refugees took the control while the Ailoian inhabitants were away for celebrations of a feast. Aiolians of Smyrna were welcomed by other Aiolian cities. The city was attacked and ruined by Alyattes of Lydia and was under the Lydian rule till the Persians came to the area in 546 BC. In 334 BC Alexander defeated the Persians in the Battle of Granikos near today's Canakkale. Alexander stayed in the city for a few days. While he was hunting in Mt. Pagos, he fell a sleep and in his dream, saw 2 goddesses saying him to move the city to where he is now. Like before the founders of the all ancient cities, inhabitants consulted to an Apollo Temple. They went to Claros for approval. According to Strabon the new city was built by Antigonos and Lysimachos following him. Lysimachos named the city of his daughter "Eurydike". However, this name did not last long. Strabon also mentioned that Smyrna was the most beautiful among the cities. Homer, the author of the earliest and finest epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey lived in Smyrna in the 8th century BC. He made his living as a court singer and storyteller.. According to Strabon there was a temple constructed after the death of Homeros, named as "Homerion".
Today from the remains of Ancient Smyrna, travelers can only see the remains of the Roman Agora. Agora was built after the earthquake in 178AD by the Roman Emperror Marcus Aerelius and was dedicated to his wife Faustina. It was one of the largest agoras of the Roman World. Romans named Agora as Forum. The basement of the Agora is quite impressive. The basement was used as shops and their storages. There is also a cistern which was able to provide water for 7.000 people. Grafittis in Ancient Greek can be seen by the travelers.
Church of Smyrna
Smyrna is among the 7 churches of Asia Minor mentioned in the book of Revelations. It is the second church mentioned in the Book of Revelation after Ephesus. Among the 7 churches, Like Philadelphia Smyrna was among the two churches which was not criticized of their faith. In the letter to Smyrna. The message speaks of false Jews and impending persecution, but encourages perseverance which will be rewarded.
The strong allegiance to Rome plus a large Jewish population which was actively hostile to the Christians made it exceptionally difficult to live as a Christian in Smyrna. The most famous martyrdom of the early church fathers was of the elderly Polycarp, the 'twelfth martyr in Smyrna', St. Polycarp was one of the diciples of John the Apostle. He is considered to be the first bishop of S,yrna. In 155 AD, St. Polycarp faced a great challenge: accept Caesar as Lord or face the consequences. St. Polycarp chose to remain true to his beliefs, refusing to bow to the demands of the Roman authorities. The Romans decided to unleash lions on him in the ancient theater of Smyrna. Surprisingly, the lions, satiated from the previous meals, chose to spare his life. The Romans then resorted to an alternative method: They tried to burn Polycarp at the stake but were unsuccessful. In a final act of cruelty, a Roman soldier dealt the fatal blow, ending the earthly life of this stubborn saint.
Located at the corner of the agora in Smyrna, there stands a majestic terebinth tree. According to legend, this venerable tree originated from Polycarp's staff. Polycarp, a renowned Christian bishop and martyr, was believed to have planted his staff in the ground, which miraculously sprouted into the magnificent terebinth we see today. This ancient tree serves as a tangible reminder of the enduring legacy of Polycarp and his devotion to his faith.
Located at the corner of the agora in Smyrna, there stands a majestic terebinth tree. According to legend, this venerable tree originated from Polycarp's staff. Polycarp, a renowned Christian bishop and martyr, was believed to have planted his staff in the ground, which miraculously sprouted into the magnificent terebinth we see today. This ancient tree serves as a tangible reminder of the enduring legacy of Polycarp and his devotion to his faith.
Smyrna, the physically persecuted church. The Christian community in Smyrna was considered as a poor community and without prestige and political power. While in contrast richly adorned temples to the pagan deities. There is no Christian commonwealth; they were a tiny minority in the community devoted to a multitude of gods. The Contrast between the city and the church is marked. The Church in Smyrna had suffered but had been faithful. Physically the church in Smyrna suffered from persecution from the Jews, and they were poor, they had few luxuries and possessions, yet spiritually they were rich in the sight of Christ. Jesus sees their affliction, he knows about it, this must be of comfort to this persecuted church. The Jewish community outside the church spoke of evil of the Christian community. John promised the Christians as a result of faithfulness even unto death, they would receive a crown of life.
In the ancient times Smyrna was famous with its wine called "Pramnos". This wine was mixed with cheese, flour and honey. They used honey to sweeten the wine and added water before drinking. Drinking wine without adding water considered as a barbaric behavior. Pramnos wine of Smyrna was mentioned by Homer.
The name Smyrna may also have been taken from the ancient Greek word for myrrh, which was the chief export of the city in ancient times. Myrrh is a gum-resin extracted from a tree. Myrrh resin was used as a perfume, incense, medicine and embalming body. Myrrh is mentioned in the New Testament as one of the three gifts that the Wise Men "from the East" presented to the Christ Child. Myrrh was also present at Jesus' death and burial. Jesus was offered wine and myrrh at his crucifixion. According to John's Gospel, Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea brought a 100-pound mixture of myrrh and aloes to wrap Jesus' body. The Gospel of Matthew relates that as Jesus went to the cross, he was given vinegar to drink mingled with myrrh. The Romans often added the myrrh to wine to prevent it from vinegarizing (turning sour), which also provided a narcotic to deaden pain.
Excavations in the Smyrna Theatre are currently ongoing, revealing the magnificence of what is claimed to be one of the most stunning marble theaters in Asia. The essence of this excavation project has been to unearth the grandeur of this historical gem, with experts estimating its capacity at a staggering 20 thousand people. As the digging progresses, the theater's intricate beauty is slowly emerging.
In the ancient times Smyrna was famous with its wine called "Pramnos". This wine was mixed with cheese, flour and honey. They used honey to sweeten the wine and added water before drinking. Drinking wine without adding water considered as a barbaric behavior. Pramnos wine of Smyrna was mentioned by Homer.
The name Smyrna may also have been taken from the ancient Greek word for myrrh, which was the chief export of the city in ancient times. Myrrh is a gum-resin extracted from a tree. Myrrh resin was used as a perfume, incense, medicine and embalming body. Myrrh is mentioned in the New Testament as one of the three gifts that the Wise Men "from the East" presented to the Christ Child. Myrrh was also present at Jesus' death and burial. Jesus was offered wine and myrrh at his crucifixion. According to John's Gospel, Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea brought a 100-pound mixture of myrrh and aloes to wrap Jesus' body. The Gospel of Matthew relates that as Jesus went to the cross, he was given vinegar to drink mingled with myrrh. The Romans often added the myrrh to wine to prevent it from vinegarizing (turning sour), which also provided a narcotic to deaden pain.
Excavations in the Smyrna Theatre are currently ongoing, revealing the magnificence of what is claimed to be one of the most stunning marble theaters in Asia. The essence of this excavation project has been to unearth the grandeur of this historical gem, with experts estimating its capacity at a staggering 20 thousand people. As the digging progresses, the theater's intricate beauty is slowly emerging.
Why was Smyrna changed to Izmir?
Smyrna is called Izmir today. The transformation of Smyrna into Izmir resulted from a series of historical events and cultural changes that shaped the fate of the city. Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey by Ataturk, the city went through a significant transformation as Turkey pursued a Turkification policy. Within the scope of this process, the names of many cities and settlements of Greek, Armenian and foreign origin were changed to Turkish. In the case of Smyrna, it was renamed Izmir in order to emphasize the national identity of the country and promote unity among the people. This decision carried symbolic weight, reflecting the country's desire for independence and the break from the Ottoman past.
Today, Izmir is the third largest city in Turkey with a population of nearly 4 million. Izmir stands as a vibrant, secular and cosmopolitan city in Western Turkey.
Today, Izmir is the third largest city in Turkey with a population of nearly 4 million. Izmir stands as a vibrant, secular and cosmopolitan city in Western Turkey.
7 Churches of Revelation Tour
We offer 7 Churches Tour Turkey including a visit to Ancient Smyrna. With our expert guides leading the way, you'll learn fascinating stories and gain a deeper understanding of the significance of Smyrna. Don't hesitate to contact us for more information. We'll be delighted to assist you in making this memorable trip a reality.
